■aws* 



NEW CENSUS 
EATENT^AWS 




Glass _/__?5^_ 
Ronk m$h 



Itjf 




NEW CENSUS AND PATENT LAWS. 

We are indebted to Munn & Co., publishers of the Scientific 
American, New-York, for a neat little bound volume of 120 
pages, entitled as above. It contains the complete Census 
of 1870, showing the Population, by Counties, of all the 
States and Territories, with their Areas, and the Population 
of the Principal Cities. Also, the new Patent Laws in full, 
with Forms, Official Rules, Directions how to obtain Patents, 
Copyrights, Regulations for Trade-Marks, Assignments, How 
to Sell Patents, etc. Also, a large variety of valuable infor- 
mation relating to Water- Wheels, Steam-Engines, and other 
mechanism, with many useful tables and recipes, 175 dia- 
grams of Mechanical Movements, etc. We advise every 
body to send for it as above. Price, 25 cents. A more valu - 
able compendium, for so small a price, has rarely been pub - 
lished. 



THE 

UNITED STATES 

PATENT LAW. 

INSTRUCTIONS 

How to Obtain Letters Patent 



FOR NEW INVENTIONS: 



! Including a Variety of Useful Information concerning the 
Rules and Practice of the Patent-Office ; How to Sell 
Patents ; How to secure Fokeign Patents ; Forms for 
Assignments and Licenses ; together with En- 
gravings and Descriptions of the Con- 
densing Steam-Engine, and the 
Principal Mechanical Move- 
ments, Valuable Tables, 
Calculations, Prob- 
lems, etc., etc. 



MONN & CO., Solicitors of Patents, 

No. 37 i*ark How, New-Yoik. 



PUBLISHED BY MUNN & CO., AT THE OFFICE OF THE 
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 

No. 37 i>^nK :r,o*w\ 



1871. 



1871 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by 

MUNN & CO., 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 

Southern District of New-York. 



Fran 
American Colonizatitm Saeiety 



May 28, 1»13. 



S. W. GREEN, 

P&INTER AND StIBIOTYPSI, 

16 and 18 Jacob Street. New-York. 



HOW TO INTENT. 




F we were asked to point out 
the course of life, business, or 
enterprise upon which any man 
of ordinary gifts might enter, 
with the best prospects of 
speedy success, we should un- 
hesitatingly direct him to in- 
vention. Many and wonderful 
have been the achievements of 
modern genius. But the realm 
of invention is absolutely ex- 
haustless, and only its outer 
edges have been explored. The 
world has yet to witness the 
most astounding triumphs of mind over matter. 

It is a popular error to suppose that much knowledge, 
painful eifort, constant disappointment, and many weari- 
some failures are the necessary preliminaries to an invent- 
or's success. True, there are individual examples of this 
kind ; they are exceptions. 

It may be affirmed as the general rule, that inventors 
make money more quicRly, Tnore easily, and with less ex- 
penditure of thought, camtal, or -labor, than any other class 
of '.mem *•'■•* •' *& ***** * * ' **~ 

It may also be jadfifmed^hat^n^strial enterprises and 
speculations whicn - are connected with the development and 
introduction of new inventions are among the most sure and 
profitable investments that can be made. 

The readiest way to invent is to keep thinking. In order 

to supply the mind with a constant succession of subjects, 

'-e inventor should cultivate habits of observation. Keep 

tur eyes and ears open. Examine things about you, and 

eek to know how they are made, and how improved. 

The young inventor should acquire a knowledge of the 
general laws and principles of natural philosophy, chem- 
istry, and all of the sciences. 



SMALL INVENTIONS MOST PROFITABLE. 



Leisure hours might be occupied with drawing and with 
books suggestive of improvements. To avoid waste of 
time in reproducing old devices, the inventor should be 
well posted in regard to inventions that have already been 
patented. For this purpose, an attentive study of The Sci- 
entific American will be almost indispensable. 

The Boston Journal makes the following useful remarks: 
" Of course, in order to succeed, a new invention must be 
superior to any thing that has preceded it, and must be sold 
at a price that will enable it to be brought into general use. 

People cannot afford to throw away old implements unless 
the new ones are enough better to make up for the loss. 
Let inventors produce a good article, at a moderate price, 
and they will be sure of success." 



SMALL INVENTIONS MOST PROFITABLE. 

In an official report of a Chief Examiner of the United 
States Patent Office, we find the following : " A patent, if 
it is worth any thing, when properly managed, is worth and 
can easily be sold for from ten to fifty thousand dollars. 
These remarks only apply to patents of minor or ordinary 
value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the 
planing-machine, and the rubber patents, which are worth 
millions each. A few cases of the first kind will better il- 
lustrate my meaning. 

" A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in 
straw-cutters, took a model of his invention through the 
Western States, and after a tour of eight months, returned 
with forty thousand dollars in cash, or its equivalent. 

"Another inventor obtained extension of a patent for a ma- 
chine to thresh and clean grain, and sold it, in about fifteen 
months, for sixty thousand dollars. A third obtained a 
patent for a printer's ink, and refused fifty thousand dollars, 
and finally sold it for about sixty thousand dollars. 

" These are ordinary cases of minor invention, embracing 
no very considerable inventive powers, and of which hur 
dreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience 
shows that the most profitable patents are those which con- 
tain very little real invention, and are to a superficial ob- 
server of little value." 



HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS. 




HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS. 

HE first inquiry that presents itself 
to one who has made any improve- 
ment or discovery is : " Can I ob- 
tain a Patent ?" A positive answer 
can only be had by presenting a 
complete application for a Patent 
to the Commissioner of Patents. 
An application consists of a Model, 
Drawings, Petition, Oath, and full 
Specification. Various official rules 
and formalities must also be ob- 
served. The efforts of the invent- 
or to do all this business himself 
are generally without success. Af- 
ter a season of great perplexity and 
delay, he is usually glad to seek 
the aid of persons experienced in patent business, and have 
all the work done over again. The best plan is to solicit 
proper advice at the beginning. 

If the parties consulted are honorable men, the inventor 
may safely confide his ideas to them ; they will advise whe- 
ther the improvement is probably patentable, and will give 
him all the directions needful to protect his rights. 

We (Munn & Co.) have been actively engaged in the busi- 
ness of obtaining patents for over twenty-five years. Many 
thousands of inventors have had benefit from our counsels. 
A large proportion of all patents granted are obtained by us. 
Those who have made inventions and desire to consult 
with us in regard to obtaining patents are cordially invited 
to do so. We shall be happy to see them in person at our 
office, or to advise them by letter. In all cases, they may 
expect from us an honest opinion. For such consultations, 
opinion, and advice, we make no charge. A pen-and-ink 
sketch and a description of the invention should be sent, 
together with stamps for return postage. Write plain ; do 
not use pencil nor pale ink ; be brief. 

All business committed to our care, and all consultations, 
are kept by us secret and strictly confidential. Address 
Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. 



SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 



SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 

sg^^, Fee $5. 

N many cases it will be advisable, as 
a measure of prudence, to order a 
Preliminary Examination. This 
consists of a special search, made 
at the U. S. Patent Office, Wash- 
ington, through the medium of our 
house in that city, to ascertain whe- 
^ ^^P^STTW :| tner > among all the thousands of 
Hi If3 ^ patents and models there stored, 

^ '^% any invention can be found which 

will prevent the grant of a patent. 
On the completion of this special search, we send a written 
report of the result to the party concerned, with suitable 
advice. Our charge for this service is $5. 

If the device has been patented, the time and expense 
of constructing models, preparing documents, etc., will, in 
most cases, be saved by means of this search ; if the in- 
vention has been in part patented, the applicant will be en- 
abled to modify his claims and expectations accordingly. 
Many other obvious advantages attend Preliminary Ex- 
amination, although the strictest search does not always 
enable the applicant to know absolutely, whether a patent 
will be granted. 

For example, applications for patents are sometimes re- 
jected because the Examining Officer finds a description of 
the alleged invention in some foreign publication ; or some 
other person has been previously rejected on an analogous 
device ; or some other invention, for a similar purpose, 
partially resembles the applicant's in its construction ; or 
the Government makes an unjust or uncommon decision. 
Against none of these contingencies does the Preliminary 
Examination provide. 

It will, however, generally inform the applicant whether 
an improvement similar to his, and used for the same pur- 
pose, has ever been patented in this country. 

Parties desiring the Preliminary Examination are request- 
ed to remit the fee, ($5,) and furnish us with a sketch or 
photograph, and a brief explanation of the invention. 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 




Where examination is wanted upon more than one inven- 
tion, $5 for each must be sent ; as each device requires a 
separate, careful search. Address Munn & Co., 37 Park 

Row, N. Y. 

OTHFSt INFORMATION. 

If you wish for general information 
as to the rules and law of Infringe- 
ments, Reissues, Claims, etc., state your 
inquiries clearly, and. remit $5. Opin- 
ions in special cases of Infringement 
cost more. See page 16. 

If you wish for advice in regard to 
assignments, or upon the rights of par- 
ties under assignments, joint ownership in patents, con- 
tracts, or licenses, state the points clearly upon which in- 
formation is wanted, and remit $5. 

If you desire to know in whose name the title to a Pat- 
ent is officially recorded, at Washington ; or if you wish 
for an abstract of all the deeds of transfer connected with 
a Patent, send us the name of the patentee, date of patent, 
etc., and remit $5. 

If you desire a sketch from the drawings of any Patent, 
and a description from the specification, give the patentee's 
name, date of the patent, and remit $5. 

If you desire to have an assignment ot a Patent, or any 
share thereof, or a license, made out in the proper manner, 
and placed on record, give us the full names of the parties, 
residences, title of the invention, etc., and remit $5. This 
includes record fee. 

Inventions or shares thereof may be assigned either be- 
fore or after the grant of a patent. Agreements and con- 
tracts in regard to inventions need to be recorded, like as- 
signments, at Washington. For any agreement or contract 
that you wish prepared, remit $5. 

ft^T Remember that we (Munn & Co.) have branch-offices 
in Washington, and have constant access to all the public 
records. We can therefore make for you any kind of search, 
or look up for you any sort of information in regard to Pat- 
ents, or Inventions, or Applications for Patents, either pend- 
ing or rejected, that you may desire. 




HOW TO FILE CAVEATS. 



CAVEATS. 

The filing of a Caveat is often- 
times of great importance, as it may 
be quickly done, and affords a limit- 
ed but immediate protection. The 
filing of a Caveat prevents, during 
its existence, the issue of a patent, 
without the knowledge of the Cave- 
ator, to any other person for a simi- 
lar device. The Caveator is entitled 
to receive official notice, during a 
period of one year, of any other pe- 
tition for a patent for a similar or 
interfering invention, filed during 
that time. On receiving such offi- 
cial notice, the Caveator is required 
to complete his own application 
within three months from the date 
of the notice 

A Caveat consists of a Specification, Drawing, Oath, and 
Petition. To be of any value, these papers should be 
carefully drawn up, and the official rules scrupulously com- 
plied with. No model is required. Our facilities enable us 
to prepare Caveat-papers with great dispatch. 

When specially desired, we can have them ready to send to 
the applicant, for signature and affidavit, by return mail, or 
at an hour's notice. The official fee for a Caveat is $10, 
and we generally charge $10 or $15 to prepare the accom- 
panying papers and attend to the business — making $20 or 
$25"in all. 

A Caveat runs for a year, and can be extended by paying 
$10 a year. 

Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, 
and aliens who have resided here one year and have de- 
clared their intention to become citizens. 

To enable us to prepare Caveat papers, all that we need 
is a sketch, drawing, or photograph, and description of the 
invention, with which remit fees as above. Model not re- 
quired. 




EXPENSES OF OBTAINING A PATENT. \) 

PATENTS. 

Under the present American 
law, all persons pay the same 
official fees, without distinction as 
to nationality. Patents are also 
granted to women and minors ; 
also the executors or adminis- 
trators of deceased inventors. 

The first government fee on 
filing an application for a patent 
is $15 ; stamps, $1. Add to this 
the attorney's charge for draw- 
ings, specification, and attend- 
ance to the business of the case 
before the Patent-Office. Our charge for these services is, 
for simple cases, $25 ; and from that price upward to $35 
or more, according to the time and labor required. If the 
patent is " allowed," a second government fee of $20 is then 
to be paid. 

RECAPITULATION OE COSTS. 

First Government fee and stamps, - - - - $16 
Munn & Co., Specifications, Drawings, and Business, 25 

*Cost of making the application, - - - $41 
Second Government fee, payable if allowed, - 20 

f Whole cost of Patent, (if a simple case,) - $61 
In order to apply for a patent, all that is necessary is to 
send a model of the invention to Munn & Co., by express, 
with an explanation of the merits and working of the in- 
vention. Never mind spelling or grammar, but be very 
particular to give your ideas in full about the invention. 
Send us also the first government fee of $16. We will then 
prepare the drawings and specification, and send the latter 
to you for signature and oath. 

Do not put the money in the box with the model, for it is 
liable to be stolen. Remit by express, postal order, check, 
or draft. See page 11. 



* If a patent is not granted, the applicant loses the ro?t of making the Application, 
f When an appeal is required, there are additional expenses. See next page. 



10 



AMENDMENTS AND APPEALS. 




AMENDMENTS AND APPEALS. 

We, Munn & Co., have an ex 
tensive Branch House in Wash" 
ington, employing a corps of 
skilled assistants, and we make it 
our special duty to watch over the 
cases of our clients while they are 
before the Patent-Office. If the 
examining officer objects to the 
grant of the claims, or gives re- 
ferences, or requires amendments, 
we examine the references, and 
make the amendments, if we deem 
them proper, so as to secure the allowance of our client's 
patent as soon as possible. When the examiner refuses to 
allow a patent, and rejects the case, we report the fact to 
our client, and inform him as to the probabilities of obtain- 
ing a reversal of the examiner's decision by an appeal to 
the Examiners-in Chief. 

First Appeal. — The government fee payable by the appli- 
cant on making an appeal to the Examiners-in-Chief, is $10. 
Our charges for preparing and conducting this appeal are 
very moderate, and in part contingent upon success. 

Second Appeal. — From the decision of the Examiners-in- 
Chief an appeal may be taken to the Commissioner of 
Patents. Government fee, $20. 

Third Appeal. — From the decision of the Commissioner 
of Patents an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court 
of the District of Columbia. The applicant pays all the 
costs. 

KEJECTED CASES. 
We shall be happy to take up rejected cases, or to re- 
model defective papers for parties who have made applica- 
tion for themselves or through other agents. Terms mo- 
derate. Address Munn & Co., stating the particulars. 

LAPSED CASES. 

Where a patent has been allowed but forfeited by neglect 
to pay the second government fee, the case may be renewed 
within two years, by filing a new application. See page 60. 



ABOUT MODELS AND REMITTANCES. 11 




MODELS, REMITTANCES, ETC. 

ERSONS who apply for pa- 
tents are by law required to 
furnish a model, in all cases 
where the invention can be 
illustrated or partly illus- 
trated by a model. The 
model must not exceed 
twelve inches in any of its 
dimensions ; it should be 
neatly made, of hard wood 
or metal, or other substan- 
tial material ; the name of 
the inventor should be engraved or painted upon it con- 
spicuously. Where the invention consists of an improve- 
ment on some known machine, or part of a machine, a full 
working model of the whole will not be necessary. It 
should be sufficiently perfect, however, to show, with clear- 
ness, the nature and operation of the invention. More than 
one patent cannot be taken out on one model. 

When the invention consists of a new article of manufac- 
ture or a new composition, samples of the article must be 
furnished. 

New medicines or medical compounds, and useful mix- 
tures of all kinds, are patentable. Samples must be fur- 
nished, and a very minute statement must be made of the 
exact proportions and ingredients used. 

As soon as the model or specimen is ready, it should be 
carefully boxed and shipped, by express or otherwise, to 
our address, namely, Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New- 
York City. Prepay the expense, and send the express 
receipt to us by mail. 

Simultaneously with the model or specimens, the invent- 
or should also send us the first instalment of the Govern- 
ment fee and stamps, $16. The money may be forwarded 
either by express, with the model, or by mail. The safest 
way to remit is by draft on New-York, payable to our order, 
or by Post-Office order. Always send a letter with the 
model, and also with the remittance, stating the name and 



1 2 NEW INVENTIONS. 



address of the sender. We sometimes receive envelopes 
containing money, but without any name or explanation ; 
models are also frequently sent us from equally unknown 
sources. 

A full written description should also be sent with the 
model, embodying all the ideas of the inventor respecting the 
operation and merits of the improvement. This statement is 
often of assistance to us in preparing the specification. 

On the reception of the model and Government fee, the 
case is duly registered upon our books, and the application 
proceeded with as fast as possible. When the documents 
are ready, we send them to the inventor by mail, for his ex- 
amination, signature and affidavit, with a letter of instruc- 
tion, etc. Our fee for preparing the case is then due, and 
will be called for. Immediately on its return, the case will 
be presented to the Patent Office, and as soon as the patent 
is allowed, the applicant will be notified to remit the last 
instalment of the Government fee, namely, $20, and the 
patent will then be issued. 

Inventors who do business with us will be notified of the 
state of their application in the Patent Office, when it is 
possible for us to do so. We do not require the personal 
attendance of the inventor, unless the invention is one of 
great complication ; the business can be done as well by 
correspondence. 

The average time required to procure a patent is six 
weeks. We frequently get them through in less time ; but 
in other cases, owing to delay on the part of the officials, 
the period is sometimes extended to two or three months, 
and even more. We make a special point to forward our 
cases as rapidly as possible. 



Be neither lavish nor niggardly; of the two, avoid the 
latter. A mean man is universally despised, but public 
favor is a stepping-stone to preferment ; therefore, generous 
feelings should be cultivated. 

Never, under any circumstances, assume a responsibility 
you can avoid consistently with your duty to yourself and 
others. 



DESIGN PATENTS. 



13 




DESIGN PATENTS. 

The laws for the grant of patents for 
new designs are of the most liberal and 
comprehensive character, and their bene- 
fits may be enjoyed by all persons, with- 
out distinction as to nationality. 

Foreign designers and manufacturers 
who send goods to this country may se- 
cure patents here upon their new patterns, 
and thus prevent other makers from sell- 
ing similar goods in this market. 

A patent for a design may be granted 
to any person, whether citizen or alien, 
who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, 
and expense, has invented or produced 
any new and original design for a manu- 
facture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and 
original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or 
other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, 
pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or 
otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufac- 
ture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configuration 
of any article of manufacture, the same not having been 
known or used by others before his invention or production 
thereof, or patented or described in any printed publication, 
upon payment of the duty required by law, and other due 
proceedings had the same as in cases of inventions or dis- 
coveries. 

Patents for designs are granted for the term of three 
and one half years, or for the term of seven years, or for 
the term of fourteen years, as the said applicant may elect 
in his application. 

The petition, oath, specification, assignments, and other 
proceedings in the case of applications for letters-patent for 
a design are the same as for other patents. 

The applicant must furnish drawings of the design or 
photographs thereof, in which latter case the Patent-Office 
requires that the negative shall also be furnished. 

Those who desire to obtain patents for Designs are re- 



L4 DESIGN PATENTS. 



quested to communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park 
Row, New- York. City residents by calling at our office can 
have all the business promptly attended to. 

The expenses for design patents are as follows : 

Patent for three and a half years, whole expense, $20. 

Patent for seven years, whole expense, $25. 

Patent for fourteen years, whole expense, $40. 

The above includes government fees and agents' charges.* 

The personal presence of the applicant is not necessary 
in order to obtain a design patent, as the business can be 
done by correspondence. 

Those who reside at a distance should send us their 
names in full, middle name included, together with two 
photographs of the design not mounted, and the negative. 
Also remit the fees as above, by draft, check, or postal or- 
der. We will then prepare the petition, oath, and specifica- 
tion, and forward the same to the applicant for signature. 
On their return by him, the papers are filed at the Patent- 
Office, when an official examination is made, and if no con- 
flicting design is found to exist, a patent is issued. 

For further information address Munn & Co. as above. 

HARNESS BLACKING. 

Melt 1 pound bees-wax, stir in 4 ounces ivory-black, 2 
ounces spirits turpentine, 2 ounces Prussian blue ground in 
oil, and -j ounce copal varnish. Make into balls. With a 
brush apply it to harness, and polish with silk gently. 

RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND MINORS. 

Under the laws of the United States, women and minors 
may obtain patents and copy-rights ; they may also file ca- 
veats and register trade-marks. The laws make no distinc- 
tions as to sex or age. 

A gallon of sea-water weighs 68.31 pounds, and contains 
4 to 5J- ounces of salt. 



*[The government fee is $10 for three and a half years, $15 for 
seven years, and $30 for fourteen years. Our (Munn <fc Co.) 
charges are $10. When it is inconvenient for applicants to fur- 
nish their own drawings or photographs, we can supply them at a 
reasonable cost.] 



TRADE-MARKS. 



15 



TEADE-MABKS. 

Any person or firm domiciled in the United States, and 
any corporation created by the authority of the United 
States, or of any State or territory thereof, and any per- 
son, firm, or corporation resident of or located in any for- 
eign country which, by treaty or convention, affords simi- 
lar privileges to citizens of the United States, and who are 
entitled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, or 
who intend to adopt or use any trade-mark for exclusive 
use within the United Stares, may obtain protection for 
such lawful trade-mark by complying with the official re- 
quirements. 

Those who desire to secure protection for trade-marks, 
labels, etc., are requested to communicate with Munn & 
Co., No. 37 Park Row, New-York. 

City residents, by calling at our office, can have all the 
business quickly attended to. Those who live at a dis- 
tance will please observe the following directions : 

1. Send us the names of the parties, their residence, and 
place of business. 

2. State the class of merchandise and the particular de- 
scription of goods in connection with which the trade- 
mark is to be used. 

3. Describe the particular mode in which the trade- 
mark has been and is intended to be applied and used. 
For example, for a trade-mark for sheetings, the statement 
would be, " The trade-mark is to be printed in blue ink, 
upon the outside of each piece of sheeting " Or, l The 
trade-mark is to be printed in black, or red, white, and 
blue, upon the exterior of a paper wrapper, which is to 
cover or extend around each package of the goods." 

4. State whether the trade mark is already in use, and if 
so, how long it has been used. 

5. Send us six copies of the trade-mark. 

Also remit at the same time $35 in full for the expenses, 
of which $25 are for government fees, and $10 Munn & 
Co.'s charge. 

We will then prepare the necessary petition, declaration, 
and oath for signature by the applicant, and shortly there- 
after forward to him the official certificate of protection. 



16 TRADE-MARKS. 



In applying for protection for a trade-mark, a declaration 
must be made under oath by the applicant or some member 
of the firm or officer of the corporation, to the effect that 
the party claiming protection for the trade-mark has a 
right to the use of the same, and that no other person, 
firm, or corporation has a right to such use, either in the 
identical form or having such near resemblance thereto 
as might be calculated to deceive, and that the description 
and fac-similes presented for record are true copies of the 
trade-mark sought to be protected. 

Trade-marks remain in force for thirty years, and may 
be renewed for thirty years more, except in cases where 
such trade-mark is claimed for, and applied to, articles not 
manufactured in this country, and in which it receives pro- 
tection under the laws of any foreign country for a shorter 
period, in which case it shall cease to have force in this 
country at the same time that it becomes of no effect else- 
where. 

No proposed trade-mark will be received or recorded 
which is not and can not become a lawful trade-mark, or 
which is merely the name of a person, firm, or corporation 
only, unaccompanied by a mark sufficient to distinguish it 
from the same name when used by other persons, or which 
is identical with a trade-mark appropriate to the same class 
of merchandise and belonging to a different owner, and al- 
ready registered or received for registration, or which so 
nearly resembles su^h last-mentioned trade-mark as to be 
likely to deceive the public; but any lawful trade-mark al- 
ready lawfully in use may be recorded 

The right to the use of any trade-mark is assignable by 
any instrument of writing, and such assignment must be 
recorded in the Patent-Office within sixty days after its ex- 
ecution. 

Trade-marks are registered at the Patent-Office in the ex- 
act order of their reception, the exact time of receipt being 
noted and recorded. 

Certified copies of any trade-mark may always be ob- 
tained. 

For further information concerning trade-marks address 
Munn & Co. 



OUR FOREIGN AGENCIES. 



17 




GENERAL REMARKS. 

OR over twenty years Messrs. 
Munn & Co. have been per- 
sonally familiar with the prog- 
ress of invention and discov- 
ery. As an evidence of the 
confidence reposed in them, 
they may with propriety refer 
to the extraordinary fact that 
nearlv TWENTY THOUSAND 
PATENTS have been obtain- 
ed by them ; and through their 
efficient Branch Office in Wash- 
ington they have examined in- 
to the novelty of many thou- 
sand inventions, thus affording to them a knowledge of the 
contents of the Patent Office unrivalled by any existing 
agency. 

Not only this, but a large majority of all the patents 
secured by American citizens in European countries are 
taken through MUNN & CO.'S AGENCIES IN LONDON, 
PARIS, BRUSSELS, BERLIN, AND VIENNA. 

In addition to the advantages which the long experience 
and great success of our firm in obtaining patents present 
to inventors, they are informed that all inventions patented 
through our establishment are noticed, at the proper time, in 
The Scientific American. This paper is read by more 
than one hundred thousand persons every week, and has 
the most extensive and influential circulation of all the 
journals of its kind in the world. 



No individual in the country can possibly have so good 
an opportunity of knowing and judging as to the extent of 
business and the qualification of patent attorneys as the 
Commissioner of Patents. Judge Mason, upon retiring 
from the office of the Commissioner of Patents, sent us the 
following very flattering written testimonial : 



IS LETTERS FEQM THE COMMISSIONERS. 



COMMISSIONER MASON'S LETTER. 

Messrs. Munn & Co. : 

I take pleasure in stating that, while I held the office of 
Commissioner of Patents, more than one fourth of all the 

BUSINESS OF THE OFFICE CAME THROUGH YOUR HANDS. I have 

no doubt that the public confidence thus indicated has been 
fully deserved, as I have always observed, in all your in- 
tercourse with the office, a MARKED DEGREE of prompt- 
ness, skill, and fidelity to the interests of your employers. 
Yours, very truly, Chas. Mason. 



Judge Mason was succeeded by that eminent patriot and 
statesman, Hon. Joseph Holt, whose administration of the 
Patent Office was so distinguished that he was appointed 
Postmaster-General of the IT. S. Hon. Mr. Holt was subse- 
quently appointed Judge- Advocate-General. He addressed 
us the following very gratifying communication : 

COMMISSIONER HOLT'S LETTER. 

Messrs. Munn & Co. : 

It affords me much pleasure to bear testimony to the 
able and efficient manner in which you discharged your du- 
ties as Solicitors of Patents while I had the honor of hold- 
ing the office of Commissioner. Your business was very 
large, and you sustained (and I doubt not justly deserved) 
the reputation of energy, MARKED ABILITY, and uncom- 
promising fidelity in performing your professional engage- 
ments. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. Holt. 



Hon. Wm. D. Bishop, late Member of Congress from 
Connecticut, succeeded Mr. Holt as Commissioner of Pat- 
ents. Upon resigning the office, he wrote to us as follows •. 

commissioner bishop's letter. 

Messrs. Munn & Co.: 

It gives me much pleasure to say that, during the time 
of my holding the office of Commissioner of Patents, a very 



; _— 1 

HOW TO CONVERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 19 



large proportion of the business of inventors before the 
Patent Office was transacted through your agency ; and that 
I have ever found vou faithful and devoted to the interests 
of your clients as well as EMINENTLY QUALIFIED to 
perform the duties of Patent Attorneys with skill and ac- 
curacy. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Wm. D. Bishop. 



One great reason for our unrivalled success is, that our 
aifairs are so systematized and arranged under our personal 
direction, that every patent case submitted to our care re- 
ceives the most careful study during its preparation, the 
most prompt dispatch, and the most thorough attention at 
every stage of its subsequent progress. 



HOW TO CONVERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 

Send a subscription in paper money to Munn & Co., and 
enjoy a year's reading of The Scientific American. Ten to 
one that the information thus obtained will result in bringing 
into your coffers, before the year is out, a hundred times 
more money in gold, than the original investment. 




he speed of an electric spark travelling 
over a copper wire, has been ascertained 
by Wheatstone to be two hundred and 
eighty-eight thousand miles in a second. 



Parties sending models to the Scienti- 
fic American office, on which they de- 
cide not to apply for Letters Patent, and 
which they wish preserved, will please to 
order them returned as early as possible. 
We cannot undertake to store such mod- I 
els, and if not called for within a reasonable time, we are 
obliged to destroy them, to make room for new arrivals. 



20 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 

GENERAL 
INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 

COMPILED CHIEFLY FROM THE 

OFFICIAL RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR PROCEEDINGS IN THE 

PATENT-OFFICE, INCLUDING FORMS FOR ASSIGNMENTS, ETC 



Who may obtain a Patent. 

Any person, whether citizen or alien, being the original 
and first inventor or discoverer of any new and useful art, 
machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new 
and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent for his 
invention or discovery. 

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can 
claim one separately ; but independent inventors of separate 
improvements in the same machine can not obtain a joint 
patent for their separate inventions ; nor does the fact that 
one man furnishes the capital and the other makes the in- 
vention entitle them to take out a joint patent. 

In case of an assignment of the whole, or of any undivid- 
ed interest in the invention, the patent may issue to the 
assignee of the whole interest, or jointly to the inventor and 
the assignee of the undivided interest, the assignment being 
first entered of record, and the application being duly made 
and the specification duly sworn to by the inventor. 

The application must be made by the actual inventor, if 
alive, even if the patent is to issue or reissue to an assignee ; 
but where the inventor is dead, the application and oath may 
be made by the executor or administrator. 



INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS, 21 

Form of Petition for a Patent with power of Attorney. 

To the Commissioner of Patents : 

Your petitioner prays that letters-patent may be granted 
to him for the invention set forth in the annexed specifica- 
tion ; and he hereby appoints Munn & Co., of the cities of 
New-York and Washington, D. C, his attorneys, with full 
power of substitution and revocation, to prosecute this ap- 
plication, to make alterations and amendments therein, to 
receive the patent, and to transact all business in the Patent- 
Office connected herewith. Peter Pendent. 

[Fifty-cent revenue stamp.] 

Two or more distinct and separate inventions may not be 
claimed in one application ; but where several inventions are 
necessarily connected each with the other, they may be so 
claimed. 

The specification must be signed by the inventor, or if 
deceased, by his executor or administrator, and must be at- 
tested by two witnesses. Full names must be given, and all 
names, whether of applicant or witnesses, must be legibly 
written. 

The Oath of Invention. 

The oath of invention should follow the specification. 
The following is the official form : 

State op New- York, County of Albany, ss. : 

Peter Pendent, the above-named petitioner, being duly 
sworn, (or affirmed,) deposes and says that he verily be- 
lieves himself to be the original and first inventor of the im- 
provement in seed-drills described in the foregoing specifi- 
cation ; that he does not know and does not believe that the 
same was ever before known or used ; and that he is a 
citizen of the United States. Peter Pendent. 

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 13th day of 
March, 1869. Simon Shallow, 

Justice of the Peace. 

If the applicant be an alien, the sentence, " and that he is 



22 INFORMATION' CONCERNING PATENTS. 



a citizen of the United States," will be omitted, and in lieu 
thereof will be substituted, " and that he is a citizen of the 
republic of Mexico," or, " and that he is a subject of the 
King of Italy," or, " of the Queen of Great Britain," or as 
the case may be. 

If the applicants claim to be joint inventors, the oath will 
read, " that they verily believe themselves to be the original, 
first, and joint inventors," etc. 

The oath or affirmation may be made before any person 
within the United States, authorized by law to administer 
oaths, or, when the applicant resides in a foreign country, 
before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, or commercial 
agent, holding commission under the government of the 
United States, or before any notary public of the foreign 
country in which the applicant may be, the oath being at- 
tested in all cases, in this and other countries, by the proper 
official seal of such notary. 

The Drawings. 

The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish a 
drawing of his invention, where the nature of the ease ad- 
mits of it. 

Such drawing must be on thick, smooth drawing-paper, 
sufficiently stiff to support itself in the portfolios of the 
office. It must be neatly and artistically executed, with 
such detached sectional views as to clearly show what the 
invention is in construction and operation. Each part must 
be distinguished by the same number or letter whenever it 
appears in the several drawings. The name of the invention 
should be written at the top, the shortest side being consi- 
dered as such. This drawing must be signed by the appli- 
cant or his attorney, and attested by two witnesses, and 
must be sent with the specification. 

The sheet must not be larger than ten inches by fifteen, 
that being the size of the patent. If more illustrations are 
needed, several sheets must be used. 

The Model. 
An applicant upon filing his specification and drawings 



INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 23 



may submit to the Commissioner the question whether he 
shall deposit a model or specimen of his invention ; other 
wise, a model will be required in every case, except for 
designs, where the nature of the invention admits of swch 
illustration. Such model must clearly exhibit every feature 
of the machine which forms the subject of a claim of inven- 
tion. 

The model must be neatly and substantially made, of 
durable material. It should be made as small as possible, 
but not in any case more than one foot in length, width, or 
height. If made of pine or other soft wood, it should be 
painted, stained, or varnished. Glue must not be used, but 
the parts should be so connected as to resist the action of 
heat or moisture. 

A working model is always desirable, in order to enable 
the office fully and readily to understand the precise opera- 
tion of the machine. The name of the inventor, and of the 
assignee, (if assigned,) and also the title of the invention, 
must be affixed upon it in a permanent manner. 

Compositions of Matter. 

When the invention is a composition of matter, a speci- 
men of each of the ingredients and of the composition must 
accompany the application, and the name of the inventor 
and of the assignee (if there be one) must be permanently 
affixed thereto. 

Tlie Official Examination. 

No application can be examined, nor can the case be 
placed upon the files for examination, until the fee is paid, 
the specification, with the petition and oath, filed, and the 
drawings and model or specimen (when required) filed or 
deposited. 

All cases in the Patent-Office are classified and taken up 
for examination in regular order ; those in the same class 
being examined and disposed of, as far as practicable, in the 
order in which the respective applications are completed. 
When, however, the invention is deemed of peculiar impor- 
tance to some branch of the public service, and when, for 
that reason, the head of some department of the govern- 



24 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 



ment specially requests immediate action, the case will be 
taken up out of its order. These, with applications for reis- 
sues, and for letters-patent for inventions for which a for- 
eign patent has already been obtained, which cases have 
precedence over original applications, are the only exceptions 
to the rule above stated in relation to the order of examina- 
tion. 

The personal attendance of the applicant at the Patent- 
Office is unnecessary. The business can be done by corre- 
spondence or by attorney. 

The Patent-Office will not return specifications for amend- 
ment ; and in no case will any person be allowed to take 
any papers, drawings, models, or samples from the office. 
If applicants have not preserved copies of such papers as 
they wish to amend, the office will furnish them on the usual 
terms. 

The final fee on issuing a patent must be paid within six 
months after the time at which the patent was allowed, and 
notice thereof sent to the applicant or his agent. And if 
the final fee for such patent be not paid within that time, 
the patent will be forfeited, and the invention therein de- 
scribed become public property, as against the applicant 
therefor, unless he shall make a new application therefor 
within two years from the date of the original allowance. 

Date of Patent. 

Every patent will bear date as of a day not later than six 
months from the time at which it was passed and allowed, 
and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent, 
and if the final fee shall not be paid within that period, the 
patent will be withheld. No patent toill be antedated. 

Appeals. 

Every applicant for a patent or the reissue of a patent, 
any of the claims of which have been twice rejected, and 
every party to an interference, may appeal from the decision 
of the primary examiner, or of the examiner in charge of 
interferences, in such case, to the board of examine>rs-in- 
chief, having once paid a fee of ten dollars. For this pur- 



INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 



25 



pose a petition in writing must be filed, signed by the party 
or his authorized agent or attorney, praying an appeal and 
setting forth briefly and distinctly the reasons upon which 
the appeal is taken. 

All cases which have been acted on by the board of 
examiners-in-chief may be brought before the Commissioner 
in person, upon a written request to that effect, and upon 
the payment of the fee of twenty dollars required by law. 
A case deliberately decided by one Commissioner will not 
be disturbed by his successor. The only remaining remedy 
will be by appeal, in those cases allowed by law, to the Su- 
preme Court of the District of Columbia, sitting in banc. 

The mode of appeal from the decision of the office to the 
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia is by giving 
written notice thereof to the Commissioner ; said notice be- 
ing accompanied by the petition addressed to the Supreme 
Court of the District of Columbia, by the reasons of appeal 
and by a certified copy of all the original papers and evi- 
dence in the case. The reasons of appeal must be filed 
within thirty days after notice of the decision appealed 
from. 

[Note. — Messrs. Munn & Co. have had twenty-five years 1 
experience in conducting appeals in patent cases.] 

Interferences. 

An " interference " is an in- 
terlocutory proceeding for the 
purpose of determining which 
of two or more persons, each 
or either of whom claims to be 
the first inventor of a given 
device or combination, really 
made the invention first. 

The fact that one of the par 
ties has already obtained a pa- 
tent will not prevent an inter- 
ference; for, although the Commissioner has no power to 
cancel a patent already issued, he may, if he finds that an- 
other person was the prior inventor, give him also a patent, 




26 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 



and thus place them on an equal footing before the courts 
and the public. 

Upon the declaration of an interference, each party will be 
required, before any time is set for the taking of testimony, 
to file a statement under oath giving the date and a detailed 
history of the invention ; showing the successive experi- 
ments, steps of development, extent and character of use, 
and forms of embodiment. Such statement shall not be 
open to inspection by the other party, until both are filed, 
or until the time for filing both has expired. In default of 
such filing by either party, or if the statement of either fails 
to overcome the prima-facie case made by the respective 
dates of application, or if it shows that the invention has 
been abandoned or that it has been in public use for more 
than two year3 prior to the application of affiant, the other 
party shall be entitled to an adjudication by default upon 
the case as it stands upon the record. 

In cases of interference, parties have the same remedies 
by appeal aa other applicants, to the examiners-in-chief and 
to the Commissioner, but no appeal lies, in such cases, from 
the decision of the Commissioner. Appeals in interference 
cases should be accompanied with a brief statement of the 
reasons thereof. 

In cases of interference, the party who first filed so much 
of his application for a patent as illustrates his invention 
will be deemed the first inventor in the absence of all proof 
to the contrary. A time will be assigned in which the other 
party shall complete his direct testimony; and a further 
time in which the adverse party shall complete the testimony 
on his side ; and a still further time in which both parties 
may take rebutting testimony, but shall take no other. If 
there are more than two parties, the times for taking testi- 
mony shall be so arranged, if practicable, that each shall 
have a like opportunity in his turn, each being held to go 
forward and prove his case against those who filed their ap- 
plications before him. 

If either party wishes the time for taking his testimony, or 
for the hearing, postponed, he must make application for 
such postponement, and must show sufficient reason for it 
by affidavit filed before the time previously appointed has 



INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 




elapsed, if practicable ; and must also furnish his opponent 
with copies of his affidavits, and with reasonable notice of 
the time of hearing his application. 

[Note. — The management of interferences is one of the 
most important duties in connection with Patent-Office busi- 
ness. Our terms for attention to interferences are mode- 
rate, and dependent upon the time required. Address all 
letters to Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New-York.] 

Reissues, 

A reissue is granted to the 
original patentee, his legal re- 
presentatives, or the assignees 
of the entire interest, when by 
reason of a defective or insuf- 
ficient specification the origi- 
nal patent is inoperative or 
invalid, provided the error nas arisen from inadvertence, ac- 
cident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive 
intention ; but although the patent has been assigned, the 
application must be made, and the specification sworn to, by 
the inventor. 

The petition for a reissue must show that all parties own- 
ing any undivided interest in the patent, concur in the sur- 
render. A statement, under oath, of the title of the party 
proposing to surrender must be filed with the application. 

The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in 
the original invention, and so described or shown that it 
might have been embraced in the original patent, may be the 
subject of a reissue ; but no new matter shall be introduced 
into the specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall 
the model or drawings be amended, except each by the 
other ; but, when there is neither model nor drawing, amend- 
ments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commis- 
sioner, that such new matter or amendment was a part of 
the original invention, and was omitted from the specifica- 
tion by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. 

Reissued patents expire at the end of the term for which 
the original patent was granted. For this reason applications 
for reissue will be acted upon as soon as filed. 



28 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 

A patentee, in reissuing, may at his option have a separate 
patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention 
comprehended in his original patent, by paying the required 
fee in each case, and complying with the other requirements 
of the law, as in original applications. Each division of a 
reissue constitutes the subject of a separate specification de- 
scriptive of the part or parts of the invention claimed in such 
division; and the drawing may represent only such part or 
parrs. All the divisions of a reissue will issue simultaneously. 
If there be controversy as to one, the other will be withheld 
from issue until the controversy is ended. 

In all cases of applications for reissues, the original claim, 
if reproduced in the amended specification, is subject to re- 
examination, and may be revised and restricted in the same 
manner as in original applications ; but if any reissue be re- 
fused, the original patent will, upon request, be returned to 
the applicant. 

[Note. — The documents required for a reissue are a state- 
ment, petition, oath, specification, drawings. The official 
fee is $30. Our charge, in simple cases, is $30 for prepar- 
ing and attending to the case. Total ordinary expense, $60. 

By means of reissue, a patent may sometimes be divided 
into several separate patents. Many of the most valuable 
patents have been several times reissued and subdivided. 
Where a patent is infringed and the claims are doubtful or 
defective, it is common to apply for a reissue with new 
claims which shall specially meet the infringers. 

On making application for reissue, the old or original pa- 
tent must be surrendered to the Patent-Office, in order that 
a new patent may be issued in its place. If the original pa- 
tent has been lost, a certified copy of the patent must be 
furnished, with affidavit as to the loss. To enable us to pre- 
pare a reissue, the applicant should send to us the original 
patent, remit as stated, and give a clear statement of the 
points which he wishes to have corrected. We can then 
immediately proceed with the case. Address Munn & Co., 
37 Park Row, New- York. We have had twenty-five years' 
experience in obtaining reissues.] 



INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 



29 



Disclaimers. 

Whenever, by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, the 
claim of invention in any patent is too broad, embracing 
more than that of which the patentee was the original or first 
inventor, some material or substantial part of the thing pa- 
tented being truly and justly his own, the patentee, his heirs 
or assigns, whether of the whole or of a sectional interest, 
may make disclaimer of such parts of the thing patented as 
the disclaimant shall not choose to claim or to hold by virtue 
of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent of his 
interest in such patent ; which disclaimer shall be in writ- 
ing, attested by one or more witnesses, and recorded in the 
Patent-Office. The official fee on filing a disclaimer is ten 
dollars. 

Extensions. 

Power is vested in the Commissioner to extend any patent 
granted prior to March 2d, 1861, for seven years from the 
expiration of the original term ; but no patent granted since 
March 2d, 1861, can be extended. 

The applicant for an extension must file his petition and 
pay in the requisite fee not more than six months nor less 
than ninety days prior to the expiration of his patent. 
There is no power in the Commissioner to renew a patent 
after it has once expired. 

The applicant for an extension must furnish to the office 
a statement in writing, under oath, of the ascertained value 
of the invention, and of his receipts and expenditures on ac- 
count thereof, both in this and foreign countries. This 
statement must be made particular and in detail, unless suf- 
ficient reason is set forth why such a statement can not be 
furnished. It must be filed within thirty days after filing 
the petition. 

[Note. — Only patents issued prior to March 4th, 1861, can 
be extended. 

Many valuable patents are annually expiring which might 
readily be extended, and, if extended, might prove the source 
of wealth to Their fortunate possessors. 

All the documents connected with extensions require to be 



30 INFORMATION" CONCERNING PATENTS. 



carefully drawn up and attended to, as any failure, discre- 
pancy, or untruth in the proceedings or papers is liable to de- 
feat the application. 

In case of the decease of the inventor, his administrator 
may apply for and receive the extension ; but no extension 
can be applied for or granted to an assignee of an inventor. 
Parties desiring extensions will address Munn & Co., 37 Park 
Row, New- York.] 



A patent may be assigned, either as to the whole interest 
or any undivided part thereof, by any instrument of writing. 
No particular form of words is necessary to constitute a 
valid assignment, nor need the instrument be sealed, wit- 
nessed, or acknowledged. 

A patent will, upon request, issue directly to the assignee 
or assignees of the entire interest in any invention, or to 
the inventor and ■ the assignee jointly, when an undivided 
part only of the entire interest has been conveyed. 

In every case where a patent issues or reissues to an as- 
signee the assignment must be recorded in the Patent-Office 
at least five days before the issue of the patent, and the 
specification must be sworn to by the inventor. 

Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial 
right must be recorded in the Patent-Office within three 
months from the execution thereof ; otherwise it will be 
void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for 
a valuable consideration without notice ; but, if recorded 
after that time, it will protect the assignee or grantee 
against any such subsequent purchaser, whose assignment 
or grant is not then on record. 

The patentee may convey separate rights under his 
patent to make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may 
convey territorial or shop rights which are not exclusive. 
Such conveyances are mere licenses, and need not be re- 
corded. 

The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged 
by the office. They will be recorded in their turn within 
a few days after their reception, and then transmitted to 
the persons entitled to them. A five-cent revenue stamp 



INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 31 



is required for each sheet or piece of paper on which an 
assignment, grant, or license may be written. 

Forms of Assignments of the entire interest in an invention 
before the issue of letters-patent. 

In consideration of one dollar to me paid by Ephraim G. 
Hall, of Cleveland, Ohio, I do hereby sell and assign to said 
Ephraim G. Hall all my right, title, and interest in and to a 
certain invention in plows, as fully set forth and described 
in the specification which I have prepared [if the applica- 
tion has been already made, say " and filed "] preparatory 
to obtaining letters-patent of the United States therefor. 
And I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner 
of Patents to issue the said letters-patent to the said Ephraim 
G. Hall, as my assignee, for the sole use and behoof of the, 
said Ephraim G. Hall and his legal representatives. 

Witness my hand this 16th day of February, 1868. 

J. F. Crossette. 
[Five-cent revenue stamp.] 

Of the entire interest in letters-patent. 

In consideration of five hundred dollars to me paid by 
Nathan Wilcox, of Keokuk, Iowa, I do hereby sell and 
assign to the said Nathan Wilcox all my right, title, and 
interest in and to the letters-patent of the United States, No. 
41,806, for an improvement in locomotive head-lights, 
granted to me July 30th, 1864, the same to be held and 
enjoyed by the said Nathan Wilcox to the full end of the 
term for which said letters are granted, as fully and entirely 
as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if 
this assignment and sale had not been made. 

Witness my hand this 10th day of June, 1869. 

Horace Kimball. 
[Five-cent revenue stamp.] 

Of an undivided interest in the letters-patent and extension 
thereof. 

In consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid by 
Obadiah N. Bush, of Chicago, III., I do hereby sell and 



32 INFORMATION CONCEBNING PATENTS* 



assign to the said Obadiah N. Bush one undivided fourth 
part of all my right, title, and interest in and to the letters- 
patent of the United States, No. 10,485, for an improve- 
ment in cooking stoves, granted to me May 16th, 1856 ; the 
same to be held and enjoyed by the said Obadiah N. Bush 
to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are 
granted, and for the term of any extension thereof, as fully 
and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed 
by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. 
Witness my hand this 7th day of January, 1869. 

John C. Morris. 
[Five-cent revenue stamp.] 

Exclusive territorial grant by an assignee. 

In consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid by 
William H. Dinsmore, of Concord, N. H., I do hereby 
grant and convey to the said William H. Dinsmore the ex- 
clusive right to make, use, and vend within the State of 
Wisconsin, and the counties of Cook and Lake in the State 
of Illinois, and in no other place or places, the improve- 
ment in corn-planters for which letters-patent of the United 
States, dated August 15th, 1867, were granted to Leverett R. 
Hull, and by said Hull assigned to me December 3d, 1867, 
by an assignment duly recorded in liber X 8 , p. 416, of the 
records of the Patent-Office, the same to be held and en- 
joyed by the said William H. Dinsmore as fully and entirely 
as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if 
this grant had not been made. 

Witness my hand this 19th day of March, 1868. 

Abraham Moore. 
[Five-cent revenue stamp.] 

License — shop right. 

In consideration of fifty dollars to me paid by the firm 
of Simpson, Jenks & Co., of Huntsville, Ala., I do hereby 
license and empower the said Simpson, Jenks & Co. to 
manufacture, at a single foundry and machine shop in said 
Huntsville, and in no other place or places, the improve- 
ment in cotton-seed planters for which letters-patent of the 
United States, No. 71,846, were granted to me November 



INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 33 

13th, 1868, and to sell the machines so manufactured through- 
out the United States, to the full end of the term for which 
said letters-patent are granted. 

Witness my hand this 22d day of April, 1869. 

Joel Norcross. 
[Five-cent revenue stamp.] 

Table of Official Fees. 

On filing every application for a design, for three 

years and six months $10 00 

On filing every application for a design, for seven 

years 15 00 

On filing every application for a design, for fourteen 

years 30 00 

On filing every caveat 10 00 

On filing every application for a patent 15 00 

On issuing each original patent 20 00 

On filing a disclaimer 10 00 

On filing every application for a reissue 30 00 

On filing every application for a division of a reissue. 30 00 

On filing every application for an extension 50 00 

On the grant of every extension 50 00 

On filing the first appeal from a primary examiner to 

examiners-in-chief. 10 00 

On filing an appeal to the commissioner from exami- 
ners-in-chief 20 00 

On depositing a trade-mark for registration 25 00 

For every copy of a patent or other instrument, for 

every 100 words 10 

For every certified copy of drawing, the cost of hav- 
ing it madp 

For copies of papers not certified, the cost of having 

them made 

For recording every assignment of 300 words or 

under 1 00 

For recording every assignment, if over 300 and not 

over 1000 words '. 2 00 

For recording every assignment, if over 1000 words. 3 00 



34 COPY-RIGHTS. 



COPYRIGHTS. 

Any citizen or resident of the United States may obtain 
a copy-right who is the author, inventor, designer, or pro- 
prietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical com 
position, engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative 
thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, 
and of models and designs, intended to be perfected as 
works of the fine arts. 

A copy-right can not be obtained unless the title or de- 
scription is recorded in the library of Congress, before the 
publication of the work. 

Those who desire to obtain copy-rights are requested to 
communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New- 
York, and send us the title of the book, print, photograph, 
or article. We will then cause the title to be printed, 
and recorded at Washington, as by law required. The 
Official Certificate of copy-right will then be immediately 
sent to our client. Oar charge to attend to the business of 
obtaining a copy-right is $5, which please remit with the 
title. 

If a copy-right is desired for a painting, drawing, chromo, 
statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of art, send 
us a brief description thereof and $5. 

Copy-rights are granted for the term of twenty-eight years, 
and may be renewed for fourteen additional years, if the 
renewal is filed within six months before the expiration of 
the first term. 

Copy-rights may be assigned ; the assignment must be 
recorded by the Librarian of Congress. 

Infringers of copy-rights are subject to heavy fines and 
penalties. 

Foreigners who are not residents of the United States 
can not obtnin copy-rights ; but if residents, they may ob- 
tain copyrights. 

Address Munn & Co. for further information. 



Common hydraulic cement mixed with oil forms a good 
paint for roofs and out-buildings. It is water-proof and in- 
combustible. 



MODELS TRACING PAPER. 



35 




MODELS. 

It is always better for in- 
ventors to have their models 
constructed under their own 
supervision, even at an in- 
creased cost in money or time. 
During the making of the mod- 
el, the inventor often perceives 
points where important changes 
can be made, or where the in- 
vention may be rendered more 
perfect than was at first con- 
templated. But in some instances, owing to residence in 
distant parts or other causes, it is impossible for the invent- 
or to furnish a model. In such cases, we (Munn & Co.) can 
have proper models built by experienced and trusty makers, 
at moderate charges. 

TRACING PAPER. 

Open a quire of double crown tissue-paper, and brush the 
first sheet with a mixture of mastic varnish and oil of tur- 
pentine, equal parts ; proceed with each sheet similarly, and 
dry them on lines by hanging them up singly. As the pro- 
cess goes on, the under sheets absorb a portion of the var- 
nish, and require less than if single sheets were brushed 
separately. The inventor of this varnish for tracing-paper 
received a medal and premium from the Royal Society. It 
leaves the paper quite light and transparent, it may readily 
be written on, and drawings traced with a pen are perma- 
nently visible. Used by learners to draw out lines. The 
paper is placed on the drawing, which is clearly seen, and 
an outline is made, taking care to hold the tracing-paper 
steady. In this way, elaborate drawings are easily copied. 



Alcohol has more than double the expansive force of 
water of the same temperature. The steam of alcohol at 
174° is equal to that of water at 212°. When proper 
means can be invented for saving the fluid from being lost, 
it is supposed that alcohol can be employed with advantage 
as the moving power for engines. 




VOICE OF THE PEOPLE. 



VOICE OF THE PEOPLE. 

We might fill several volumes with flat- 
tering testimonials from all parts of the 
world, certifying to the great value of The 
Scientific American, but the limits of this 
little book only permit us to make a few 
selections. Read the following : 

Messrs. Editors : Since I had the plea- 
sure of receiving the back numbers of your 
interesting and instructive journal, I have 
shown specimens to several influential man- 
ufacturers and intelligent mechanics in this 
vicinity. One man told me that he had 
twice obtained five dollars for a single re- 
cipe that he copied out of The Scientific 
American, which he has taken regularly for 
several years ; and I presume this is not an isolated case, 
by many hundreds. It is just such journals as yours that 
are annually condensed into encyclopedias, the compilers of 
which roughly scoop off the cream of all the new discover- 
ies in science and art that have been recorded in the col- 
umns of various periodicals during the year ; but the facts 
set forth in such annual works are often so mutilated or dis- 
torted in the condensation, and so meagre in outline, as to 
be practically of no value. Every mechanic and farmer in 
the land should subscribe for The Scientific American, 
not only for his own benefit, but also that of his children ; 
he may have a Franklin or a Fulton, a West or a Watt, in 
that little marble-player whom he pets in his leisure hours ; 
and the natural bias of the child's mind toward mechanical 
or agricultural pursuits requires to be confirmed or further 
developed by intellectual nourishment of such a quality and 
quantity as can be derived only from a journal like your 
own. 



Never make money at the expense of your reputation. 
Say but little — think much and do more. 
Avoid borrowing and lending. 



THE CONDENSING ENGINE. 



37 



THE STEAM-ENGINE. 

Evert mechanic and inventor should make himself gen- 
erally familiar with the construction and operation of the 
steam-engine. To assist them in gaining this knowledge, 
we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con- 
densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of 
the various parts : 




a, steam cylinder ; 6, piston ; c, upper steam port or pas- 
sage ; d, lower steam port ; e e, parallel motion ; //, beam ;. 
#r, connecting rod ; A, crank ; i i, fly-wheel ; k k, eccentric 
and its rod for working the steam- valve ; Z, steam-valve and 
casing ; ra, throttle-valve ; w, condenser ; o, injection-cock ;; 
/?, air-pump ; q, hot well ; r, shifting-valve to create vacuum 
in condenser previous to starting the engine ; s, feed-pump 
to supply boilers ; t, cold-water pump to supply condenser ; 
w, governor. A study of the above diagram and descrip- 
tion, in connection with attentive observation of engines in 
motion, will be of much assistance in acquiring a general 
understanding of the machine. We recommend the follow- 

. J 



38 



HINTS TO LETTER- WRITERS. 



ing standard works for careful study by all who desire to 
become thoroughly posted : Bourne's Catechism of the 
Steam-Engine, Main & Brown's Marine Steam-Engine. 

[From The Scientific American.] 

A HINT TO LETTER- WRITING BORES. 

E consider, as a general thing, that our 
correspondents are a fair and high-minded 
set of men, such as we are most happy to 
accommodate by answering, so far as it is 
in our power, all their inquiries; but there 
are a few of whom we can very justly com- 
plain. They put to us all sorts of ques- 
tions, to answer which might require a 
half-day of our valuable time; and if we 
snub them off with a short answer, they are 
j likely to reply back in complaining terms. 
It cannot be reasonably expected of us, 
that we shall spend our time in such — to 
us — profitless letter-writing. We mean to be accommo- 
dating, but cannot consent to waste all our time in getting 
information for correspondents who seem not to know how 
to appreciate either our forbearance or the value of our 
time. As an example of what we mean, we have a case 
before us. A correspondent wants us to hunt through our 
files for a notice of some book which appeared in The 
Scientific American some years ago, and to help him to 
•find the book. He also wants us to find for him an English 
book which we do not believe can be had in this market. 
Another correspondent wants us to send to England without 
delay to get something which would require time and money 
to procure for him, but in regard to which he don't even 
inclose a three-cent stamp to pre-pay our letter. Another 
Uncloses three cents, and wants a calculation made which 
would cost us two hours' hard study. It is well enough for 
such correspondents to know that our time is worth to us 
more than a cent and a half per hour. Treat us fairly, and 
you will have no cause of complaint. 




VOICE OF THE PEESS. 



39 




VOICE OF THE PKESS. 

In examining the pages of 
our journal, we find them 
so covered with brilliant 
gems of commendation 
that it is difficult to select 
one which is more spark- 
ling than another. We 
therefore take the follow- 
ing at random : 

" The distinction achiev- 
ed by the world-renowned 
firm of Munn & Co., as Solicitors of Patents, is alike deserved 
and commanding — deserved, because they have spared no 
effort nor expense since they entered upon their responsible 
vocation — commanding, because it is a distinction supported 
and upheld by all the scientific appliances within the reach 
of modern enterprise, and carries along with it a prestige 
which we in vain look for in the history of any similar firm. 
To the scores of inventors who are to be met with in this 
State — and especially to those among them whose diffidence 
may have hitherto restrained them from giving their dis- 
coveries to the world — we would say, by all means consult 
the firm of Messrs. Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New-York, 
confident, as we feel, that by so doing (should your inven- 
tions possess merit) you will not only put yourself in the 
way of securing a patent for the same, but at the same time 
reap the satisfaction of knowing that you have committed 
your claims to hands emphatically qualified successfully to 
carry them out. We have deemed it a duty, in this mode, 
to ' say our say' in regard to an Agency which, while, we 
trust, it has been able to make its highly important busi- 
ness pay, has, at the same time, nobly upheld the true prin- 
ciples of scientific investigation, scorning to make the latter 
in the least degree subservient to merely pecuniary consid- 
erations." — Rahway (iV. J.) Times and Register, 

A cubic foot of air weighs 523 grains — a little more than 
an ounce. A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces. 



40 



IMPORTANCE OF FOREIGN PATENTS 




FOREIGN PATENTS. 

American Inventors 
should bear in mind that, as 
a general rule, any invention 
which is valuable to the pat- 
entee in this country, is worth 
equally as much in England 
and some other foreign coun- 
tries. Four patents — Amer- 
ican, English, French, and 
Belgian — will secure an in- 
ventor exclusive monopoly 
to his discovery among one 
hundred millions of the most 
intelligent people in the 
world. The facilities of busi- 
ness and steam communication are such, that patents can 
be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at 
home. 

Models are not required in any European country, but 
the utmost care and experience is necessary in the prepara- 
tion of the specifications and drawings. A variety of small 
tax duties and other fees must be paid ; many official for- 
malities are also to be observed in obtaining foreign patents. 
It is therefore important that the applicant should place his 
business in the hands of established and reliable agents. 

For the past twenty years, the majority of all patents 
taken out by Americans in foreign countries have been ob- 
tained through Munn & Co.'s Scientific American Patent 
Agency, and nearly all of this foreign patent business is 
still done by us. Our experience and success in this branch 
is very great. 

The following summary will give a general idea of the 
granting and duration of European Patents : 

Great Britain. — Patents are granted for fourteen years 
to any person who is the inventor or the first importer. If* 
a patent has been previously obtained in any other country, 
the British patent expires with it. The British patent ex- 
tends over Great Britain and Ireland, but does not include 



COSTS OF FOREIGN PATENTS. 41 

the Colonies. Separate patents are issued by the Colo 
nies. 

France. — Patents are granted for 15 years, unless the 
invention has been previously patented in some other 
country ; in such case it dates and expires with the pre 
vious patent. The invention must be put into practice in 
France within 2 years from the date of the patent. 

Belgium. — Patents are granted for 20 years, or, if pre- 
viously patented in another country, they expire with the 
date thereof. The working of the invention must take 
place within one year from the date of patent, but an ex- 
tension for an additional year may be obtained on applica- 
tion to the proper authorities. 

Spain and Cuba. — The duration of a Spanish patent of 
importation is 5 years, and it can be prolonged to 10 years ; 
the invention is to be worked within one year. 

Tile patent may also include Cuba upon payment of an 
additional fee. The Governor-General of Cuba is also al- 
lowed to grant separate patents for that Island. 

Austria. — Patents are granted for 15 years, and the 
fees are payable by instalments. 

Russia. — Patents are granted for various terms, with fees 
proportionate to the term selected by the applicant. 

Prussia. — The patent laws are less encouraging for in- 
ventors than those of any other European nation. The 
invention must be worked within 6 months, and the appli- 
cation may be rejected if the Royal Commission think 
proper. 

FUIiIi INSTRUCTIONS 

For taking out Foreign Patents in all the principal coun- 
tries of the world, with the costs, are contained in a 
spkcial pamphlet, which we publish and send free ok 
charge. Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. 

Caution.— Pay no attention to the solicitations of foreign 
agents of unknown responsibility, who send circulars to parties 
whose names they copy from the patent lists of The Scientific 
American. 

Clear, dry, cold air contains more oxygen, is more bracing 
to the human system, and is heavier than moist air. People are 
accustomed to say that the air on damp days feels heavy ; but 
the truth is the air is lighter, and therefore the blood is less 
oxydized, and the feelings consequently depressed. 



42 



HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 




HOW TO SEliIi PATENTS. 

In the prefatory portion of this lit- 
tle work, we have presented hints 
upon the general success of invent- 
ors, and the great value of even the 
simplest inventions. But it must not 
be supposed, because a patent is 
granted, that the world will run after 
an unknown man to buy from him an 
unknown patent. In order to sell a 
patent, judicious effort is required on 
the part of the inventor or his agent. 
Indeed, his final success will depend, 
to a considerable extent, upon his 
business tact and energy. He should 
make himself thoroughly conversant 
with the merits of his invention, and 
snould prepare specimens or model machines thereof, made 
in the most perfect manner, so as readily to exhibit the op- 
erations of the improvement to others. 

After obtaining a patent, the first grand requisite in ef- 
fecting its sale is to make the merits and importance of the 
improvement publicly knoicn. This may be done in various 
ways : by advertisements in newspapers, by cards, circulars, 
pamphlets, etc., by local and travelling agents. Some per- 
sons appoint agents in each town or county, giving them a 
liberal portion of the net proceeds for the sale of rights, or 
a handsome per cent upon the receipts for machines sold. 
In estimating the value of patent rights for different States, 
counties, etc., one very common method is to fix the price 
with reference to the amount of population. 

One of the most comprehensive and powerful methods 
of bringing the merits of an invention before the public, is 
to have it noticed and engraved in The Scientific Ameri- 
can. This paper, published weekly, has a large circulation. 
It is seen by probably not less than one or two hundred 
thousand readers, who comprise all of the most intelligent 
persons of scientific and mechanical acquirements in the 
country. The fact of publication in The Scientific Amer- 



HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 43 



ican is a passport to their attention and favor. It is upon 
the judgment and advice of scientific and mechanical per- 
sons that the purchasers of patent rights and new inven- 
tions are apt to rely. " Yes, that is a good invention. It 
has been well illustrated in The Scientific American, and 
I fully understand its construction. I advise you to pur- 
chase the right." We suppose that more patents are sold 
upon such advice than by all other agencies and means put 
together. 

To assist the sale, it is always advisable to have the pat- 
ent taken out through the Scientific American Agency. 
The study necessary to the preparation of the specification 
and drawings familiarizes our minds with the merits of the 
invention, and as all worthy inventions patented by us are 
noticed in The Scientific American, we are enabled to 
speak of them with some degree of authority. 

We keep artists constantly employed in preparing en- 
gravings for The Scientific American. All our engravings 
are original. We never print old cuts. Parties who desire 
to have engravings inserted in The Scientific American 
will please address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. 
After publication, the engravings will be returned to the 
owner, who can then use them for other papers, circulars, 
etc. 



AGENTS TO SELL. 

We are often asked to give the names of parties who 
make it a business to sell patents. We are rarely enabled 
to do so. Such concerns are generally quite fugitive in 
their character. An office is opened, signs displayed, a few 
customers engaged, and then suddenly the shop is closed. 
The truth is, that the profit upon the sales of a single good 
patent is equivalent to a fortune, and the business it fur- 
nishes is enough to fully engage the attention of many per- 
sons. Our advice to patentees is : Take hold of the busi- 
ness of selling yourselves. If you want assistance, search 
for agents among your friends, and interest them specially 
in your invention. 



44 INCOME FROM PATENTS. 



ROYALTY. 

One very profitable source of income from patents is roy- 
alty. This, in effect, involves a sort of contract between a 
patentee and a manufacturer, by which the latter, in consid- 
eration of license to make the thing, agrees to pay to the 
patentee a specified sum upon each article when sold. The 
patentee of the chimney-spring, now so commonly used to 
fasten chimneys upon lamps, was accustomed to grant li- 
censes to manufacturers on receiving a royalty of a few 
cents per dozen. His income was at one time reported to 
be fifty thousand dollars a year from this source. Howe, 
(the inventor of the sewing-machine, is said to receive a 
royalty of from five to ten dollars on each machine, and his 
annual income has been estimated at five hundred thousand 
dollars. We might give many examples of success. The 
license and royalty plan is oftentimes the most profitable 
method of employing patents. 



A Circle is the most capacious 
of all plain figures, or contains the 
greatest area within the same out- 
line or perimeter. 

To find the circumference of a 
circle, multiply the diameter by 
3.1416, and the product will be the 
circumference. 

To find the diameter of a circle, 
divide the circumference by 3.1416, 
and the quotient will be the diam- 
eter. 

Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con- 
tains four times the area of the other. 




Some employers think themselves entitled to the owner- 
ship of all inventions made by their workmen. But this is 
not so. Employers have no claim to the inventions of their 
workmen unless it can be shown that the latter was special- 
ly employed to bring out such inventions. 



VALUE OF PATENTS. 



45 




[From The Scientific American.] 
PATENTS ON SMALL THINGS. 

An English firm has lately pat- 
ented a peculiar shape for candle- 
ends. By making them conical, or 
tapering, they will fit any candle- 
stick without being papered or tin- 
kered up in other ways. Now, a 
very small royalty on each pound 
of candles will give a large annual 
revenue to the inventors, and the 
pecuniary value of their idea is 
seen at once. Similar instances 
might be given from cases at home, 
where inventors have originated 
some simple article in daily use and secured it, they have 
received large rewards. ''Despise not the day of small 
things," says the proverb, and we may say, in addition, de- 
ride no idea as useless that tends to advance the arts and 
sciences, merely because it seems simple. 

A very great misconception prevails in the minds of 
many persons in respect to patents. They are regarded 
chiefly as stepping-stones to fame or passports to future no- 
toriety. This is a huge delusion. An invention is first 
and principally an investment, just as an artist's picture, al- 
though an inspiration, is a commercial venture. The glory 
and renown attaching to either picture or invention is the 
afterpart, the dessert to the solid feast on dollars and cents. 
The natural result of the mistake alluded to is to lead per- 
sons to underrate the value of their ideas. It is not at all 
uncommon to hear individuals exclaim, " What ! get a pat- 
ent on that thing !" in alluding to some little affair that can 
be carried in the pocket. That very despised " thing" will 
doubtless be the foundation of a good fortune, as many a 
similar article has been before it. 

The improvement in some art or manufacture suggests 
itself to an individual, and he straightway applies it to his 
own use with very great advantage. Now, what shall he 
do ? Patent it and secure the fruit of his genius to him- 



46 CONDUCTING POWER OF METALS. 

self, or give it to the world without price ? The business 
man would say the former ; because if notoriety be the ob- 
ject, great patents confer not only means, but distinction, 
and where the first is attained, the second follows. 



[From The Scientific American.] 
A SPARKLING VANE. 




A very curious and elegant vane for buildings may be 
made by placing in the centre a spiral or twisted spindle, as 
shown in the above cut. This spindle should be hung on 
delicate pivots, and the spaces between the spiral flanches 
nearly covered with small pieces of looking-glass or thin 
pieces of mica. The least breeze will put it in motion, and 
as the reflectors will assume every possible position, several 
of them will be sure to present the reflection of the sun at 
every revolution, from whatever point it may be viewed, 
thus producing a constant and very brilliant sparkling. 



ELECTRICAL CONDUCTING POWER OP 
METALS. 

The effect of the electrical discharge on metallic bodies 
is to raise their temperature to a less or greater degree, ac- 
cording to their conducting power. The best conductors 
are silver and copper ; the poorest, lead ; as will be seen 
from the subjoined table : 

Heat evolved. Conducting Power. 

Silver, 6 120 

Copper, 6 120 

Gold, 9 80 

Zinc 18 40 

Platinum, 30 24 

Iron, 30 24 

Tin, 36 20 

Lead, 72 \ . . 12 



THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 47 



[From The Scientific American.] 
IMPORTANT TO INVENTORS. 

The United States Patent Office at Washington contains 
nearly 50,000 models pertaining to patented inventions, all 
of which are open to public inspection and examination, 
together with the drawings and specifications relating there- 
to. But the distance of the Capital and the time and ex- 
pense involved in a journey thither deter, in fact, the 
majority of inventors from reaping the advantages which a 
personal examination of previously patented inventions 
might oftentimes give them. To obviate this difficulty we 
(Munn & Co.) are in the habit of making these examinations 
at the Patent Office for inventors. When it is desired to 
ascertain definitely whether an invention, believed to be 
new, has been previously made, or to what extent, if any, 
it has been anticipated, the applicant sends to us a rough 
sketch and description of the device. We then make a 
thorough examination in the Patent Office at Washington, 
and report the 7esult to the applicant. The charge for this 
service is only $5, and it is frequently the means of saving 
the applicant the entire expense of preparing a model, pay- 
ing Government fees, etc., by revealing the fact that the 
whole or material portion of his improvement was previous- 
ly known. This preliminary examination is sometimes also 
of importance in assisting to properly prepare the papers, 
so as to avoid conflicting with other inventions in the same 
class. The reader should carefully note the distinction 
made between this preliminary examination at the Patent 
Office and the examination and opinion given "at our office, 
either orally or by letter, for which no fee is expected. It 
is only when a special search is made at the Patent Office 
that the fee of $5 is required. We are able, in a vast num- 
ber of cases submitted to us, to decide the question of pa- 
tentability without this special search. See page 6 of this 
little work. 



When the air is exhausted from a pump-tube, (usually 
done by means of a piston,) the pressure'of the atmosphere 
will cause the water to rise in the tube to a height of thirty 
feet. 



48 VALUE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 




" The Scientific American. — We are sure 
that if a few words of seasonable commend- 
ation should induce any of that large class 
of intelligent readers who can appreciate true 
merit, to subscribe for this excellent publi- 
cation, we shall be abundantly rewarded in 
the conviction of having earned their grati- 
tude. It is only recently that we have looked 
into its columns with any degree of regular- 
ity, and we take an early opportunity to ex- 
press the extreme satisfaction and interest 
which we have experienced in doing so. To condense our 
idea of its most valuable characteristic into one sentence, we 
consider The Scientific American as embodying the high- 
est function of all science, namely, its application to the 
practical, every-day concerns of life, in clear, pure, agree- 
able language. It will prove a pleasant guest and a use- 
ful companion at any fireside it may enter." — Watchman, 
Greenport, L. I. 

The Scientific American ought to be taken, read, and 
studied by every intelligent man, young or old, worker or 
idler, rich or poor, in the country. It commends itself to 
every one, and is useful and interesting to all. The most 
scientific may learn from it, and the unscientific understand 
it. It has a peculiar charm about it that interests and af- 
fects every person with a grain of sense in his head. We 
are in the habit of sending our copy, after a thorough pe- 
rusal, to the army, and the friend who receives it writes us, 
that he likes it better than any other paper; that it is long- 
ingly waited for, and eagerly read by his comrades, and 
never ceases its circulation until so bethumbed that its col- 
umns are no longer readable. — Westchester County Journal. 



Remember that, by subscribing to The Scientific Ameri- 
can, you receive, in the course of the year, an amount of 
reading matter nearly equal to four thousand ordinary book 



The light of lightning and its reflections, will penetrate 
from 150 to 200 miles. 



HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWER. 



49 



HORSE-POWER. 

When Watt began to introduce his steam-engines he 
wished to be able to state their power as compared with 
that of horses, which were then generally employed for 
driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments, 
which led him to the conclusion that the average power of 
a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 lbs. one foot in 
vertical height per minute, and this has been adopted in 
England and this country as the general measure of power. 

A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 lbs. of 
water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of 
fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi- 
ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in 
feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow- 
ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62-$-, 
the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by 
the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per 
minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse- 
power. 

For example : A stream flows through a flume 10 feet 
wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the 
cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity is 150 feet per 
minute — 40X150=6000:= the cubic feet of water flowing 
per minute. 6000X62£=375,000=the pounds of water 
flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X375,000= 
3,750,000=the foot-pounds of the water-fall. Divide 3,750,- 
000 by 33,000, and we have 113J£ as the horse-power of 
the fall. 

The power of a steam-engine is calculated by multiplying 
together the area of the piston in inches, the mean pressure 
in pounds per square inch, the length of the stroke in feet, 
and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing by 
33,000. 

Water-wheels yield from 50 to 91 per cent of the water. 
The actual power of a steam-engine is less than the indicat- 
ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount of this 
loss varies with the arrangement of the engine and the per- 
fection of the workmanship. 



50 



HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF BODIES. 



ZUR BEACHTUNG FUR DEUTSCHE EH- 
FINDER. 

3)te Unter^etdmeten fyabm eine 
^Inleitung fyerau^gegeben, it>cld^e 
angiebt tt>a« %u befolgen ift urn ein 
patent %vl ftdjern, nnb felbtge nrirb 
auf ^ortofreie ^tnfracje gratis abge* 
geben. 

9^ac^ bent tteueit <PatenM$efe£e 
fonnen ^Burger after dauber $a* 
tentc in ben SBereinigten &taatm 
in benfelben SBebtngungen erlan* 
gen, one btc SBiirger ber $ereimg* 
ten ©taaten felbft. 

SSJtuutt &£ (£o„ 

Ho. 37 Park Horn, Henj-l)ork 
Scientific American Office. 




A moving load has a much greater effect on a beam than 
a load at rest. For example, if the breaking weight of a 
beam is 4150 pounds, the load being at rest, a load of 1778 
pounds, moved at 30 miles per hour, will break the same 
beam. The deflection of girders increases with the velocity 
of the load. 



HEAT-CONDUCTING- POWER 
ENT BODIES. 



OF DIFFER- 



! Gold, 1000 

( Platinum, 981 

J Silver, 973 

* Copper, 898 

" Xron, 374 

Zinc, 363 



Tin, 304 

Lead, 180 

Marble, 24 

Porcelain, 12 

FireClay,.. 11 

Fire Brick, 11 



RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF 
FLUIDS. 

Mercury, 1000 I Proof Spirit, 312 

Water, 357 | Alcohol, (pure,) 232 



IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL INVENTIONS. 51 

'k 



[From the Scientific American.] 

FIELD FOR CHEMICAL INTENTION, 

Less than five per cent of all the patents issued are for 
chemical inventions. The first impression which this fact 
leaves is that the chemists are not so wide awake as the 
mechanics. And it seems, too, as if the chemists have the 
best chance, for they have the range of all the combina- 
tions, almost infinite in number, of all the sixty or more 
simple substances or elements, while the mechanic is limited 
in all his inventions to the use of only five mechanical ele- 
ments. But % this course of reasoning is a little unfair for 
the chemist, if we wish to determine his real merit as a 
benefactor of mankind. Thus far the introduction of new 
substances has been too slow and too much the result of 
chance. Illuminating gas was known as a chemical product 
for centuries before any use of it was made ; iodine, ehromine, 
chloroform, aniline, and a hundred other things, now com- 
mon, were for a very long time only rare specimens on the 
shelves of the chemist's curiosity-shop, before they were 
found to be of the greatest value to men, and we cannot 
have a doubt that much more of the same kind of wealth is 
soon to be developed. May we not reasonably expect that 
virtues may be discovered in things now neglected, which 
will directly lead to the invention of arts more wonderful 
and more useful than photography or electro-telegraphing ? 



A correspondent, writing from Buffalo, says, in speaking 
of the value of The Scientific American to its host of read- 
ers : " I would as soon think of going without supper on 
Thursday night as to neglect to call at the book-store for 
the Paper of papers ; and I am proud to say that I have 
influenced many others to ' go and do likewise.' I have my 
volumes complete and nicely bound from volume five ; and 
should poverty ever compel me to sell my library, my Bible 
and my Scientific American should remain to grace the 
otherwise empty shelves." 



52 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 

THE 

PATENT LAWS 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

PASSED JULY 8, 1870. 



AN ACT to revise, consolidate, and amend the statutes re- 
lating to patents and copy-rights. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 
of the United States of America in Congress assembled: 
That there shall be attached to the Department of the In- 
terior the office, heretofore established, known as the Pa- 
tent-Office, wherein all records, books, models, drawings, 
specifications, and other papers and things pertaining to pa- 
tents shall be safely kept and preserved. 

OFFICERS, SALARIES, AND SURETIES. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the officers and 
employees of said office shall continue to be : one Commis- 
sioner of Patents, one Assistant Commissioner, and three 
examiners-in-chief, to be appointed by the President, and 
by and with the advise and consent of the Senate ; one 
chief clerk, one examiner in charge of interferences, twenty- 
two principal examiners, twenty-two first-assistant exami- 
ners, twenty-two second-assistant examiners, one librarian, 
one machinist, five clerks of class four, six clerks of class 
three, fifty clerks of class two, forty-five clerks of class one, 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 53 



and one messenger and purchasing clerk, all of whom shall 
be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, upon nomina- 
tion of the Commissioner of Patents. 

Sec. 3. And be it farther enacted, That the Secretary of 
the Interior may also appoint, upon like nomination, such 
additional clerks of classes two and one, and of lower grades, 
copyists of drawings, female copyists, skilled laborers, la- 
borers, and watchmen, as may be from time to time appro- 
priated for by Congress 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the annual sala- 
ries of the officers and employees of the Patent-Office shall 
be as follows : 

Of the Commissioner of Patents, four thousand five hun- 
dred dollars. 

Of the Assistant Commissioner, three thousand dollars. 

Of the examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars each. 

Of the chief clerk, two thousand five hundred dollars. 

Of the examiner in charge of interferences, two thousand 
five hundred dollars. 

Of the principal examiners, two thousand five hundred 
dollars each. 

Of the first assistant examiners, one thousand eight hun- 
dred dollars each. 

Of the second assistant examiners, one thousand six hun- 
dred dollars each. 

Of the librarian, one thousand eight hundred dollars. 

Of the machinist, one thousand six hundred dollars. 

Of the clerks of class four, one thousand eight hundred 
dollars each. 

Of the clerks of class three, one thousand six hundred 
dollars each. 

Of the clerks of class two, one thousand four hundred 
dollars each. 

Of the clerks of class one, one thousand two hundred dol- 
lars each. 

Of the messenger and purchasing clerk, one thousand dol- 
lars. 

Of laborers and watchmen, seven hundred and twenty 
dollars each. 

Of the additional clerks, copyists of drawings, female 



54 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



copyists, and skilled laborers, such rates as may be fixed by 
the acts making appropriations for them. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That all officers and 
employees of the Patent-Office shall, before entering upon 
their duties, make oath for affirmation truly and faithfully 
to execute the trusts committed to them. 

Sec. 6. And be it farther enacted, That the Commissioner 
and chief clerk, before entering upon their duties, shall se- 
verally give bond, with sureties, to the Treasurer of the 
United States, the former in the sum of ten thousand dol- 
lars, and the latter in the sum of five thousand dollars, con- 
ditioned for the faithful discharge of their duties, and that 
they will render to the proper officers of the treasury a true 
account of all money received by virtueof their offioe. 

DUTIES OF COMMISSIONER, AND OTHERS. 

Sec *7. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the 
duty of the Commissioner, under the direction of the Secre- 
tary of the Interior, to superintend or perform all the du- 
ties respecting the granting and issuing of patents which 
herein are, or may hereafter be, by law directed to be done ; 
and he shall have charge of all books, records, papers, mo- 
dels, machines, and other things belonging to said office. 

Sec. 8. A nd be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
may send and receive by mail, free of postage, letters, print- 
ed matter, and packages relating to the business of his of- 
fice, including Patent-Office reports. 

Sec 9. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
shall lay before Congress, in the month of January, annually, 
a report giving a detailed statement of all moneys received 
for patents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any 
other source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expendi- 
tures for contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a list of 
all patents which were granted during the preceding year, 
designating under proper heads the subjects of such pa- 
tents; an alphabetical list of the patentees with their 
places of residence ; a list of all patents which have been 
extended during the year ; and such other information of 
the condition of the Patent-Office as may be useful to Con- 
gress or the public. 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



EXAMINERS-IN-CHIEF. 

Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That the examiners- 
in-chief shall be persons of competent legal knowledge and 
scientific ability, whose duty it shall be, on the written pe- 
tition of the appellant, to revise and determine upon the va- 
lidity of the adverse decisions of examiners upon applica- 
tions for patents, and for reissues of patents, and in inter- 
ference cases ; and when required by the Commissioner, 
they shall hear and report upon claims for extensions, and 
perform such other like duties as he may assign them. 

Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That in case of the 
death, resignation, absence, or sickness of the Commissioner, 
his duties shall devolve upon the Assistant Commissioner 
until a successor shall be appointed, or such absence or sick- 
ness shall cease. 

Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
sioner shall cause a seal to be provided for said office, with 
such device as the President may approve, with which all 
records or papers issued from said office, to be used in evi- 
dence, shall be authenticated. 

MODELS. 

Sec. 13. And be it further enacted. That the Commis- 
sioner shall cause to be classified and arranged in suitable 
cases, in the rooms and galleries provided for that purpose, 
the models, specimens of composition, fabrics, manufactures, 
works of art, and designs, which have been or shall be deposit- 
ed in said office ; and said rooms and galleries shall be kept 
open during suitable hours for public inspection. 

Sec. 14. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
sioner may restore to the respective applicants such of the 
models belonging to rejected applications as he shall not 
think necessary to be preserved, or he may sell or otherwise 
dispose of them after the application has been finally re- 
jected for one year, paying the proceeds into the treasury, 
as other patent moneys are directed to be paid. 

Sec. 15. And be it further enacted, That there shall be 
purchased, for the use of said office, a library of such scien- 
tific works and periodicals, both foreign and American, as 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



may aid the officers in the discharge of their duties, not ex- 
ceeding the amount annually appropriated by Congress for 
that purpose. 

OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES NOT TO HOLD PATENTS. 

Sec. 16. And be it further enacted, That all officers and 
employees of the Patent-Office shall be incapable, during the 
period for which they shall hold their appointments, to ac- 
quire or take, directly or indirectly, except by inheritance 
or bequest, any right or interest in any patent issued by 
said office. 

Sec 17. And be it further enacted, That for gross mis- 
conduct the Commissioner may refuse to recognize any per- 
son as a patent agent, either generally or in any particular 
case ; but the reasons for such refusal shall be duly record- 
ed, and be subject to the approval of the Secretary of the 
Interior. 

Sec. 18. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
sioner may require all papers filed in the Patent-Office, if 
not correctly, legibly, and clearly written, to be printed at 
the cost of the party filing them. 

Sec 19. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
sioner, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the In- 
terior, may from time to time establish rules and regula- 
tions, not inconsistent with law, for the conduct of pro- 
ceedings in the Patent Office. 



Sec 20. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
sioner may print or cause to be printed copies of the speci- 
fications of all letters-patent, and of the drawings of the 
same, and copies of the claims of current issues, and copies 
of such laws, decisions, rules, regulations, and circulars as 
may be necessary for the information of the public. 

Sec 21. And be it further enacted, That all patents shall 
be issued in the name of the United States of America, under 
the seal of the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the 
Secretary of the Interior and countersigned by the Commis- 
sioner, and they shall be recorded, together with the speci- 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 57 



fication, in said office, in books to be kept for that pur- 
pose. 

Sec. 22. And be it further enacted, That every patent 
shall contain a short title or description of the invention or 
discovery, correctly indicating its nature and design, and a 
grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of 
seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use, and 
vend the said invention or discovery throughout the United 
States and the Territories thereof, referring to the specifica- 
tion for the particulars thereof ; and a copy of said specfii- 
cations and of the drawings shall be annexed to the patent 
and be a part thereof. 

DATE OF PATENTS. 

Sec. 23. And be it further enacted, That every patent 
shall date as of a day not later than six months from the 
time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof 
was sent to the applicant or his a^ent; and if the final fee 
shail not be paid within that period, the patent shall be 
withheld. 

WHAT MAY BE PATENTED. 

Sec. 24. And be it further enacted, That any person who 
has invented or discovered any new and useful art, ma- 
chine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new 
and useful improvement thereof, not known or used by 
others in this country, and not patented or described in any 
printed publication in this or in any foreign country, be- 
fore his invention or discovery thereof, and not in public 
use or on sale for more than two years prior to his applica- 
tion, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned, 
may, upon payment of the duty required by law, and other 
due proceedings had, obtain a patent therefor. 

FOREIGN INVENTIONS MAY BE PATENTED. 

Sec. 25. And be it further enacted, That no person shall 
be debarred from receiving a patent for his invention or 
discovery, nor shall any patent be declared invalid, by rea- 



58 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 

son of its having been first patented or caused to be patent- 
ed in a foreign country ; provided the same shall not have 
been introduced into public use in the United States for 
more than two years prior to the application, and that the 
patent shall expire at the same time with the foreign pa- 
tent, or, if there be more than one, at the same time with 
the one having the shortest term ; but in no case shall it be 
in force more than seventeen years. 

DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATION. 

Sec. 26. And be it further enacted, That before any in- 
ventor or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention 
or discovery, he shall make application therefor, in writing, 
to the Commissioner, and shall file in the Patent-Office a 
written description of the same, and of the manner and pro- 
cess of making, constructing, compounding, and using it, 
in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any 
person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, 
or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, con- 
struct, compound, and use the same ; and in case of a ma- 
chine, he shall explain the principle thereof, and the best 
mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle 
so as to distinguish it from other inventions; and he shall 
particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, improve- 
ment, or combination which he claims as his invention or 
discovery ; and said specification and claim shall be signed 
by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. 

DRAWINGS. 

Sec. 27. And be it further enacted, That when the na- 
ture of the case admits of drawings, the applicant shall 
furnish one copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in 
fact, and attested by two witnesses, which shall be filed in 
the Patent-Office ; and a copy of said drawings, to be 
furnished by the Patent-Office, shall be attached to the pa- 
tent as a part of the specification. 

COMPOSITIONS. 

Sec. 28. And be it farther enacted, That when the inven- 



PATENT LAAVS OF 1870. 59 



tion or discovery is of a composition of matter, the applicant, 
if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish specimens 
of ingredients and of the composition, sufficient in quantity 
for the purpose of experiment. 



Sec. 29. And be it further enacted, That in all cases which 
admit of representation by model, the applicant, if required 
by the Commissioner, shall furnish one of convenient size 
to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention 
or discovery. 

OATH OF INVENTION. 

Sec. 30. And be it farther enacted, That the applicant 
shall make oath or affirmation that he does verily believe 
himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer 
of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or improve- 
ment for which he solicits a patent; that he does not know 
and does not believe that the same was ever before known 
or used ; and shall state of what country he is a citizen. 
And said oath or affirmation may be made before any per- 
son in the United States authorized by law to administer 
oaths ; or when the applicant resides in a foreign country, be- 
fore any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, or commercial 
a^ent, holaing commission under the government of the 
United States, or before any notary public of the foreign 
country in which the applicant may be. 

OFFICIAL EXAMINATION. 

Sec. 31. And be it farther enacted, That on the filing of 
any such application and the payment of the duty required 
by law, the Commissioner shall cause an examination to be 
made of the alleged new invention or discovery ; and if on 
such examination it shall appear that the claimant is justly 
entitled to a patent under the law, and that the same is suffi- 
ciently useful and important, the Commissioner shall issue 
a patent therefor. 



60 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



COMPLETION OF APPLICATION. 

Sec. 32. And be it further enacted, That all applications 
for patents shall be completed and prepared for examina- 
tion within two years after the filing of the petition, and 
in default thereof, or upon failure of the applicant to prose- 
cute the same within two years after any action therein, of 
which notice shall have been given to the applicant, they 
shall be regarded as abandoned by the parties thereto, un- 
less it be shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner 
that such delay was unavoidable 

RIGHTS OF ASSIGNEES. 

Sec. 33. And be it further enacted, That patents may be 
granted and issued or reissued to the assignee of the in- 
ventor or discoverer, the assignment thereof being first 
entered of record in the Patent-Office; but in such ca3e the 
application for the patent shall be made and the specifica- 
tion sworn to by the inventor or discoverer ; and also, if he 
be living, in case of an application for reissue. 

PATENTS AFTER DECEASE OF INVENTOR. 

Sec. 34. And be it further enacted, That when any per- 
son, having made any new invention or discovery for which 
a patent might have been granted, dies before a patent is 
granted, the right of applying for and obtaining the patent 
shall devolve on his executor or administrator, in trust for 
the heirs at law of the deceased, in case' he shall have died 
intestate ; or if he shall have left a will, disposing of the 
same, then in trust for his devisees, in as full manner and on 
the same terms and conditions as the same might have been 
claimed or enjoyed by him in his lifetime ; and when the* 
application shall be made by such legal representatives, the 
oath or affirmation required to be made shall be so varied 
in form that it can be made by them. 

LAPSED AND REJECTED CASES. 

Sec 35. And be it further enacted, That any person who 
has an interest in an invention or discovery, whether as in- 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. CI 



ventor, discoverer, or assignee, for which a patent was order- 
ed to issue upon the payment of the final fee, but who has 
failed to make payment thereof within six months from the 
time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof 
was sent to the applicant or his agent, shall have a right to 
make an application for a patent for such invention or dis- 
covery the same as in the case of an original application : 
Provided,, That the second application be made within two 
years after the allowance of the original application. But 
no person shall be held responsible in damages for the 
manufacture or use of any article or thing for which a 
patent, as aforesaid, was ordered to issue, prior to the issue 
thereof: And provided further, That when an application for 
a patent has been rejected or withdrawn, prior to the pass- 
age of this act, the applicant shall have six months from 
the date of such passage to renew his application, or to file 
a new one ; and if he omit to do either, his application 
shall be held to have been abandoned. Upon the hearing 
of such renewed applications abandonment shall be con- 
sidered as a question of fact. 

ASSIGNMENTS, GRANTS, AND CONVEYANCES. 

Sec. 36. And be it further enacted, That every patent or 
any interest therein shall be assignable in law, by an instru- 
ment in writing ; and the patentee or his assigns or legal 
representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an 
exclusive right under his patent to the whole or any speci- 
fied part of the United States ; and said assignment, grant, 
or conveyance shall be void as against any subsequent pur- 
chaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without 
notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent-Office within three 
months from the date thereof. 

purchasers' rights before patent. 

Sec. 37. And be it further enacted^ That every person 
who may have purchased of the inventor, or with his know 
ledge and consent may have constructed any newly invented 
or discovered machine, or other patentable article, prior to 
the application by the inventor or discoverer for a patent, or 



62 PATKNT LAWS OP 1870. 



sold or used one so constructed, shall have the right to use, 
and vend to others to be used, the specific things so made 
or purchased, without liability therefor. 

PATENTED ARTICLES TO BE STAMPED. 

Sec. 38. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the 
duty of all patentees, and their assigns and legal represen- 
tatives, and of all persons mailing or vending any patented 
article for or under them, to give sufficient notice to the 
public that the same is patented, either by fixing thereon 
the word " patented," together with the .day and year the 
patent was granted; or when, from the character of the 
article, this can not be done, by fixing to it or to the pack- 
age wherein one or more of them is inclosed, a label con- 
taining the like notice; and in any suit for infringement, 
by the party failing so to mark, no damages shall be re- 
covered by the plaintiff, except on proof that the defendant 
was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, after 
such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented. 

PENALTY FOR FALSE MARKING. 

Sec. 39. And be it farther enacted, That if any person 
shall, in any manner, mark upon any thing made, used, or 
sold by him for which he has not obtained a patent, the 
name or any imitation of the name of any person who has 
obtained a patent tlierefor, without the consent of such 
patentee, or his assigns or legal representatives ; or shall in 
any manner mark upon or affix to any such patented article 
the word "patent" or " patentee," or the words " letters- 
patent," or any word of like import, with intent to imitate 
or counterfeit the mark or device of the patentee, without 
having the license or consent of such patentee or his assigns 
or legal representatives; or shall in any manner mark upon 
or affix to any unpatented article the word "patent," or any 
word importing that the same is patented, for the purpose 
of deceiving the public, he shall be liable for every such 
offense to a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars, 
with costs ; one moiety of said penalty to the person who 
shall sue for the same, and the other to the use of the United 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 63 



States, to be recovered by suit in any district court of the 
United States within whose jurisdiction such offense may 
have been committed. 

CAVEATS. 

Sec. 40 And be it further enacted, That any citizen of 
the United States, who shall have made any new invention 
or discovery, and shall desire further time to mature the 
same, may, on payment of the duty required by law, file in 
the Patent-Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, 
and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying protec- 
tion of his right until he shall have matured his invention ; 
and such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of 
the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative 
for the term of one year from the filing thereof; and if ap- 
plication shall be made within the year by any other person 
for a patent with which such caveat would in any manner 
interfere, the Commissioner shall deposit the description, 
specifications, drawings, and model of such application in 
like manner in the confidential archives of the office, and 
give notice thereof, by mail, to the person filing the caveat, 
who, if he would avail himself of his caveat, shall file his 
description, specifications, drawings, and model within three 
months from the time of placing said notice in the post 
office in Washington, with the usual time required for trans- 
mitting it to the caveator added thereto, which time shall be 
indorsed on the notice. And an alien shall have the privi- 
lege herein granted, if he shall have resided in the United 
States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and 
made oath of his intention to become a citizen. 

REJECTIONS. 

Sec 41. And be it further enacted, That whenever, on 
examination, any claim for a patent is rejected for any reason 
whatever, the Commissioner shall notify the applicant 
thereof, giving him briefly the reasons for such rejections, 
together with such information and references as may be 
useful in judging of the propriety of renewing his applica- 
tion or of altering nis specification ; and if, after receiving 



G4 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



such notice, the applicant shall persist in his claim for a 
patent, with or without altering his specifications, the Com- 
missioner shall order a reexamination of the case. 

INTERFERENCES. 

Sec. 42. And be it further enacted, That whenever an ap- 
plication is made for a patent which, in the opinion of the 
Commissioner, would interfere with ar,y pending applica- 
tion, or with any unexpired patent, he shall give notice 
thereof to the applicants, or ipplicant and patentee, as the 
case may be, and shall direct the primary examiner to pro- 
ceed to determine the question of priority of invention. 
And the Commissioner may issue a patent to the party who 
shall be adjudged the prior inventor, unless the adverse 
party shall appeal from the decision of the primary ex- 
aminer, or of the board of examiners-in-chief, as the case 
may be, within such time, not less than twenty days, as the 
Commissioner shall prescribe. 

AFFIDAVITS AND DEPOSITIONS. 

Sec. 43. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
sioner may establish rules for taking affidavits and deposi- 
tions required in cases pending in the Patent-Office, and 
such affidavits and depositions maybe taken before any offi- 
cer authorized by law to take depositions to be used in the 
courts of the United States, or of the State where the officer 
resides. 

DUTY OF CLERK OF COURT. 

Sec. 44. And be it further enacted, That the clerk of any 
court of the United' States, for any district or territory 
wherein testimony is to be taken for use in any contested 
case pending in the Patent-Office, shall, upon the applica- 
tion of any party thereto, or his agent or attorney, issue 
subpoena for any witness residing or being within said dis- 
trict or territory, commanding him to appear and testify 
before any officer in said district or territory authorized to 
take depositions and affidavits, at any time and place in the 
subpoena stated ; and if any witness, after being duly served 
with such subpoena, shall neglect or refuse to appear, or 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 65 

after appearing shall refuse to testify, the judge of the court 
whose clerk issued the subpoena may, on proof of such 
neglect or refusal, enforce obedience to the process, or 
punish the disobedience as in other like cases. 

FEES AND RIGHTS OP WITNESSES. 

Sec. 45. And be it further enacted, That every witness 
duly subocenaed and in attendance shall be allowed the same 
fees as are allowed to witnesses attending the courts of the 
United States, but no witness shall be required to attend at 
any place more than forty miles from the place where the 
subpoena is served upon him, nor be deemed guilty of con- 
tempt for disobeying such subpoena, unless his fees and 
trav* ling expenses in going to, returning from, and one 
day's attendance at the place of examination, are paid or 
tendered him at the time of the service of the subpoena ; 
nor for refusing to disclose any secret invention or discovery 
made or owned by himself. 



Sec. 46. And be it further enacted, That every applicant 
for a patent or the reissue of a patent, any of the claims of 
which have been twice rejected, and every party to an inter- 
ference, may appeal from the decision of the primary ex- 
aminer, or of the examiner in charge of interference, in 
such case to the board of examiners-in chief, having once 
paid the fee for such appeal provided by law. 

Sec. 47. And be it further enacted. That if such party is 
dissatisfied with the decision of the examiners-in-chief, he 
may, on payment of the duty required by law, appeal to 
the Commissioner in person. 

Sec 48. And be it further enacted, That if such party, 
except a party to an interference, is dissatisfied with the de- 
cision of the Commissioner, he may appeal to the supreme 
court of the District of Columbia, sitting in banc. 

Sec. 49. And be it further enacted, That when an appeal 
is taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, 
the appellant shall give notice thereof to the Commissioner, 
and file in the Patent-Office, within such time as the Com- 



66 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



missioner shall appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically 
set forth m writing. 

Sec. 50. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the 
duty of said court, on petition, to hear and determine such 
appeal, and to revise the decision appealed from in a sum- 
mary way, on the evidence produced before the Commis- 
sioner, at such early awd convenient time as the court may 
appoint, notifying the Commissioner of the time and place 
of hearing ; and the revision shall be confined to the points 
set forth in the reasons of appeal. And after hearing the 
case, the court shall return to the Commissioner a certifi- 
cate of its proceedings and decision, which shall be entered 
of record in the Patent-Office, and govern the further pro 
ceedings in the case. But no opinion or decision of the 
court in any such case shall preclude any person interested 
from the right to contest the validity of such patent in any 
court wherein the same may be cahed in question. 

Sec. 51. And be it further enacted, That on receiving 
notice of the time and place of hearing such appeal, the 
Commissioner shall notify all parties who appear to be in- 
terested therein, in such manner as the court may pre- 
scribe. The party appealing shall lay before the court cer- 
tified copies of all the original papers and evidence in the 
case, and the Commissioner shall furnish it with the grounds 
of his decision, fully set forth in writing, touching all the 
points involved by the reasons of appeal. And at the re- 
quest of any party interested, or of the court, the Com- 
missioner and the examiners may be examined under oath, 
in explanation of the principles of the machine or other 
thing for which a patent is demanded. 

BILL IN EQUITY. 

Sec. 52. And be it further enacted, That whenever a 
patent on application is refused, for any reason whatever, 
either by the Commissioner or by the supreme court of the 
District of Columbia upon appeal from the Commissioner, 
the applicant may have remedy by bill in equity ; and the 
court having cognizance thereof, on notice to adverse par- 
ties and other due proceedings had, may adjudge that such 
applicant is entitled, according to law, to receive a patent 



PATENT LAWS OF 1 8V0. 



for his invention, as specified in his claim, or for any part 
thereof, as the facts in the case may appear. And such 
adjudication, if it be in favor of the right of the applicant, 
shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such patent, on 
the application filing in the Patent-Office a copy of the ad- 
judication, and otherwise complying with the requisitions of 
law. And in all cases where there is no opposing party a 
copy of the bill shall be served on the Commissioner, and 
all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the ap- 
plicant, whether the final decision is in his favor or not. 



Sec. 53. And be it further enacted, That whenever any 
patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or 
insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee 
claiming as his own invention or discovery more than he had 
a right to claim as new, if the error has arisen by inadver- 
tence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or 
deceptive intention, the Commissioner shall, on the sur- 
render of such patent and the payment of the duty required 
by law, cause a new patent for the same invention, and in 
accordance with the corrected specification, to be issued to 
the patentee, or, in the case of his death or assignment of 
the whole or any undivided part of the original patent, to 
his executors, administrators, or assigns, for the unexpired 
part of the term of the original patent, the surrender of 
which shall take effect upon the issue of the amended 
patent ; and the Commissioner may, in his discretion, cause 
several patents to be issued for distinct and separate parts 
of the thing patented, upon demand of the applicant, and 
upon payment of the required fee for a reissue for each 
of such reissued letters-patent. And the specifications and 
claim in every such case shall be subject to revision and re- 
striction in the same manner as original applications are. 
And the patent so reissued, together with the corrected 
specification, shall have the effect and operation in law, on 
the trial of all actions for causes thereafter arising, as 
though the same had been originally filed in such corrected 
forms ; but no new matter shall be introduced into the 
specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall the 



68 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



model or drawings be amended, except each by the other ; 
but when there is neither model nor drawing, amendments 
may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commissioner 
that such new matter or amendment was a part of the 
original invention, and was omitted from the specification 
by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. 

DISCLAIMERS. 

Sec. 54. And be it further enacted, That whenever, 
through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any 
fraudulent or deceptive intention, a patentee has claimed 
more than that of which he was the original or first inven- 
tor or discoverer, his patent shall be valid for all that part 
which is truly and justly his own, provided the same is a 
material or substantial part of the thing patented ; and any 
such patentee, his heirs, or assigns, whether of the whole 
or any sectional interest therein, may, on payment of the duty 
required by law, make disclaimer of such parts of the thing 
patented as he shall not choose to claim or to hold by vir- 
tue of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent 
of his interest in such patent; said disclaimer shall be in 
writing, attested by one or more witnesses, and recorded in 
the Patent-Office, and it shall thereafter be considered as 
part of the original specification to the extent of the inter- 
est possessed by the claimant and by those claiming under 
him after the record thereof. But no such disclaimer shall 
affect any action pending at the time of its being filed, ex- 
cept so far as may relate to the question of unreasonable 
neglect or delay in filing it. 

INFRINGEMENT, SUITS FOR. 

Sec. 55. And be it further enacted, That all actions, suits, 
controversies, aud cases arising under the patent laws of 
the United States shall be originally cognizable, as well 
in equity as at law, by the circuit courts of the United 
States, or any district court having the powers and juris- 
diction of a circuit court, or by the Supreme Court of the 
District of Columbia, or of any territory ; and the court 
shall have power, upon bill in equity filed by any party 
aggrieved, to grant injunctions according to the course and 



PATENT LAWS OF 1S70. GO 



principles of courts of equity, to prevent the violation of 
any right secured by patent, on such terms as the court 
may deem reasonable ; and upon a decree being rendered 
in any such case for an infringement, the claimant shall be 
entitled to recover, in addition to the profits to be account- 
ed for by the defendant, the damages the complainant has 
sustained thereby, and the court shall assess the same or 
cause the same to be assessed under its direction, and the 
court shall have the same powers to increase the same in its 
discretion that are given by this act to increase the dama- 
ges found by verdicts in actions upon the case ; but all ac- 
tions shall be brought during the term for which the letters- 
patent shall be granted or extended, or within six years af- 
ter the expiration thereof. 

APPEALS TO SUPREME COURT. 

Sec. 56. And be it further enacted, That a writ of error 
or appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States shall 
lie from all judgments and decrees of any circuit court, or 
of any district court exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit 
court, or of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, 
or of any territory, in any action, suit, controversy, or case, 
at law or in equity, touching patent rights, in the same man- 
ner and under the same circumstances as in other judg- 
ments and decrees of such circuit courts, without regard to 
the sum of value in controversy. 

RECORD EVIDENCE. 

Sec. 57. And be it further ejnacted. That written or print- 
ed copies of any records, books, papers, or drawings belong- 
ing to the Patent-Office, and of letters-patent under the sig- 
nature of the Commissioner or Acting Commissioner, with 
the seal of office affixed, shall be competent evidence in all 
cases wherein the originals could be evidence, and any per 
son making application therefor, and paying the fee required 
by law, shall have certified copies thereof. And copies of 
the specifications and drawings of foreign letters-patent, 
certified in like manner, shall be prima-facie evidence of 
the fact of the granting of such foreign letters-patent, and 
of the date and contents thereof. 



70 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



INTERFERENCE EQUITY PROCEEDINGS. 

Sec. 58. And be it further enacted, That whenever there 
shall be interfering patents, any person interested in any 
of such interfering patents, or in the working of the inven- 
tion claimed under either of such patents, may have relief 
against the interfering patentee, and all parties interested 
under him, by suit in equity against the owners of the in- 
terfering patent ; and the court having cognizance thereof, 
as herein before provided, or notice to adverse parties, and 
other due proceedings had according to the course of equi- 
ty, may adjudge and declare either of the patents void in 
whole or in part, or inoperative, or invalid in any particu- 
lar part of the United States, according to the interest of 
the parties in the patent or the invention patented. But no 
such judgment or adjudication shall affect the rights of any 
person except the parties to the suit and those deriving ti- 
tle under them subsequent to the rendition of such judg- 
ment. 

DAMAGES FOR INFRINGEMENT. 

Sec. 59. And be it further enacted, That damages for the 
infringement of any patent may be recovered by action on 
the case in any circuit court of the United States, or dis- 
trict court exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit court, or 
in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or of any 
territory, in the name of the party interested, either as 
patentee, assignee, or grantee. And whenever in any such 
action a verdict shall be rendered for the plaintiff, the 
court may enter judgment thereon for any sum above the 
amount found by the verdict as the actual damages sus- 
tained, according to the circumstances of the case, not ex- 
ceeding three times the amount of such verdict, together 
with the costs. 

PART INFRINGEMENT, SUIT FOR. 

Sec. 60. And be it further enacted, That whenever, 
through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any 
willful default or intent to defraud or mislead the public, a 
patentee shall have (in his specification) claimed to be the 
original and first inventor or discoverer of any material or 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 71 



substantial part of the thing patented, of which he was 
not the original and first inventor or discoverer as aforesaid, 
every such patentee, his executors, administrators, and as- 
signs, whether of the whole or any sectional interest in the 
patent, may maintain a suit at law or in equity for the in- 
fringement of any part thereof which was bona fide his 
own, provided it shall be a material and substantial part 
of the thing patented, and be definitely distinguishable from 
the parts so claimed, without right as aforesaid, notwith- 
standing the specifications may embrace more than that of 
which the patentee was the original Or first inventor or dis- 
coverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or 
decree shall be rendered for the plaintiff, no costs shall be 
recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at 
the Paten t-Oflice before the commencement of the suit ; nor 
shall he be entitled to the benefits of this section if he 
shall have unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter said 
disclaimer. 

PLEADINGS IN INFRINGEMENT. 

Sec. 61. Arid be it further enacted, That in any action 
for infringement the defendant may plead the general issue, 
and, having given notice in writing to the plaintiff or his 
attorney, thirty days before, may prove on trial any one or 
more of the following special matters : 

First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the 
description and specification filed by the patentee in the 
Patent-Office was made to contain less than the whole truth 
relative to his invention or discovery, or more than is ne- 
cessary to produce the desired effect ; or, 

Second. That he had surreptitiously or unjustly obtained 
the patent for that which was in fact invented by another, 
who was using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect- 
ing the same ; or, 

Third. That it has been patented or described in some 
printed publication prior to his supposed invention or dis- 
covery thereof ; or, 

Fourth. That he was not the original and first inventor 
or discoverer of any material and substantial part of the 
thing patented ; or, 



72 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



Fifth. That it had been in public use or on sale in this 
country for more than two years before his application for 
a patent, or had been abandoned to the public. 

And in notice as to proof of previous invention, know- 
ledge, or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state 
he names of patentees and the dates of their patents, and 
when granted, and the names and residences of the per- 
sons alleged to have invented or to have had the prior 
knowledge of the thing patented, and where and by whom 
it had been used ; and if any one or more of the special mat- 
ters alleged shall be found for the defendant, judgment 
shall be rendered for him with costs. And the like defen- 
ses may be pleaded in any suit in equity for relief against 
an alleged infringement ; and proofs of the same may be 
given upon like notice in the answer of the defendant, and 
with the like effect. 

PATENT NOT VOID BECAUSE KNOWN IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY. 

Sec. 62. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall 
appear that the patentee, at the time of making his appli- 
cation for the patent, believed himself to be the original 
and first inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the 
same shall not be held to be void on account of the inven- 
tion or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known 
or used in a foreign country, before his invention or dis- 
covery thereof, if it had not been patented, or described in 
a printed publication. 

EXTENSION OP PATENTS. 

Sec. 63. And be it further enacted, That where the paten- 
tee of an invention or discovery, the patent for which was 
granted prior to the second day of March, eighteen hun- 
dred and sixty -one, shall desire an extension of his patent 
beyond the original term of its limitation, he shall make 
application therefor, in writing, to the commissioner, set- 
ting forth the rea?on why such extension should be grant- 
ed ; and he shall also furnish a written statement under 
oath of the ascertained value of the invention or discov- 
ery, and of his receipts and expenditures on account there- 
of, sufficiently in detail to exhibit a true and faithful ac- 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 73 



count of the loss and profit in any manner accruing to him 
by reason of said invention or discovery. And said appli- 
cation shall be filed not more than six months nor less than 
ninety days before the expiration of the original term of the 
patent, and no extension shall be granted after the expira- 
tion of said original terra. 

Sec. 64. And be it further enacted, That upon the receipt 
of such application, and the payment of the duty required 
by law, the commissioner shall cause to be published in one 
newspaper in the city of Washington, and in such other 
papers published in the section of the country most inter- 
ested adversely to the extension of the patent as he may 
deem proper, for at least sixty days prior to the day set for 
hearing the case, a notice of such application, and of the 
time and place when and where the same will be consider- 
ed, that any person may appear and show cause why the 
extension should not be granted. 

Sec. 65. And be it further enacted, That on the publica- 
tion of such notice, the Commissioner shall refer the case 
to the principal examiner having cha<geof the class of in- 
ventions to w 7 hich it belongs, who shall make to said Com- 
missioner a full report of the case, and particularly whether 
the invention or discovery was new and patentable when 
the original patent was granted. 

Sec. 66. And be it further enacted, That the Commission- 
er shall, at the time and place designated in the published 
notice, hear and decide upon the evidence produced, both 
for and against the extension ; and if it shall appear to his 
satisfaction that the patentee, without neglect or fault on 
his part, has failed to obtain from the use and sale of his 
invention or discovery a reasonable remuneration for the 
time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed upon it, and the in- 
troduction of it into use, and that it is just and proper, hav- 
ing due regard to the public interest, that the term of the 
patent should be extended, the said Commissioner shall 
make a certificate thereon, renewing and extending the 
said patent for the term of seven years from the expiration 
of the first term, which certificate shall be recorded in the 
Patent-Office, and thereupon the said patent shall have the 



74 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 

same effect i i law as though it had been originally granted 
for twenty-one years. 

Sec. 67. And be it further enacted, That the benefit of the 
extension of a patent shall extend to the assignees and gran- 
tees of the right to use the thing patented to the extent of 
their interest therein. 

OFFICIAL FEES. 

Sec. 68. And be it further enacted, That the following 
shall be the rates for pat-nt tees : 

On filing each original application for a patent, fifteen 
dollars. 

On issuing each original patent, twenty dollars. 

On filing each caveat, ten dollars. 

On every application for the reissue of a patent, thirty 
dollars. 

On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. 

On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty 
dollars. 

O.i the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dol- 
lars. 

On an appeal for the first time from the primary exami- 
ners to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars. 

On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com- 
missioner, twenty dollars. 

For certified copies of patents and other papers, ten cents 
per hundred words. 

For recording every assignment, agreement, power of at- 
torney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, 
one dollar ; of over three hundred and under one thousand 
words, two dollars, of over one thousand words, three 
dollars. 

For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making 
them. 

Sec. 69. And be it farther enacted, That patent fees may 
be paid to the Commissioner, or to the treasurer, or any of the 
assistant treasurers of the United States, or to any of the 
designated depositaries, national banks, or receivers of pub- 
lic money, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for 
that purpose, who shall give the depositor a receipt or cer- 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



tificate of deposit therefor. And all money received at the 
Patent Office, for any purpose, or from any source whatev- 
er, shall be paid into the treasury as received, without any 
deduction whatever ; and all disbursements for said office 
shall be made by the disbursing clerk of the Interior De- 
partment. 

MONEY PAID BY MISTAKE RETURNED. 

Sec. 70. And be it further enacted, That the treasurer of 
the United States is authorized to pay back any sum or sums 
of money to any person who shall have paid the same into the 
treasury, or to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of 
the treasurer, as for fees accruing at the Patent-Office through 
mistake, certificate thereof being made to said treasurer 
by the Commissioners of Patents. 

DESIGN PATENTS. 

Sec. 71. And be it further enacted, That any person who, 
by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invent- 
ed or produced any new and original design for a manufac- 
ture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and 
original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or 
other fabrics; any new and original impression, ornament, 
pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or 
otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufac- 
ture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configura- 
tion of any article of manufacture, the same not having been 
known or used by others before his invention or production 
thereof, or patented or described in any printed publica- 
tion, may, upon payment of the duty required by l*w, and 
other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inven- 
tions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor. 

Sec. 72. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
sioner may dispense with models of designs when the de- 
sign can be sufficiently represented by drawings or photo- 
graphs. 

Sec. 73. And be it further enacted, That patents for de- 
signs may be granted for the term of three years and six 
months, or for seven years, or for fourteen years, as the ap- 
plicant may, in his application, elect. 



76 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



Sec. 74 And be it further enacted, That patentees of de- 
signs issued prior to March two, eighteen hundred and 
sixty-one shall be entitled to extension of their respective 
patents for the term of seven years, in the same manner 
and under the same restrictions as are provided for the ex- 
tension of patents for inventions or discoveries, issued prior 
to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty- 
one. 

Sec. 75. And be it further enacted, That the following 
shall be the rates of fees in design cases : 

For three years and six months, ten dollars. 

For seven years, fifteen dollars. 

For fourteen years, thirty dollars. 

For all other cases in which fees are required, the same 
rates as in cases of inventions or discoveries. 

Sec. 76. And be it further enacted, That all the regula- 
tions and provisions which apply to the obtaining or pro- 
tection of patents for inventions or discoveries, not incon- 
sistent with the provisions of this act, shall apply to patents 
for designs. 

TRADE-MARKS. 

Ssc. 77. And be it further enacted, That any person or 
firm domiciled in the United States, and any corporation 
created by the authority of the United States, or of any 
State or territory thereof, and any person, firm, or corpo- 
ration resident of or located in any foreign country which 
by treaty or convention affords similar privileges to citizens 
of the United States, and who are entitled to the exclusive 
use of any lawful trade-mark, or who intend to adopt and use 
any trade-mark for exclusive use within the United States, 
may obtain protection for such lawful trade-mark by com- 
plying with the following requirements, to wit: 

First. By causing to be recorded in the Patent-Office the 
names of the parties and their residences and place of busi 
ness, who desire the protection of the trade-mark. 

Second. The class of merchandise and the particular de- 
scription of goods comprised in such class, by which the 
trade-mark has been or is intended to be appropriated. 

Third. A description of the trade-mark itself, with fac- 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 77 

similes thereof, and the mode in which it has been or is in- 
tended to be applied or used. 

Fourth. The length of time, if any, during which the 
trade-mark has been used. 

Fifth. The payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars, in the 
same manner and for the same purpose as the fee required 
for patents. 

Sixth. The compliance with such regulations as may be 
prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 

Seventh. The filing of a declaration, under the oath of 
the person, or of some member of the firm or officer of the 
corporation, to the effect that the party claiming protection 
for the trade-mark has a right to the use of the same, and 
that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right to 
such use, either in the identical form or having such near 
resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive, and 
that the description and fac-similes presented for record are 
true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected. 

DURATION OF TRADE-MARKS. 

Sec. 78. And be it further enacted, That such trade-mark 
shall remain in force for thirty years from the date of such 
registration, except in cases where such trade-mark is 
claimed for and applied to articles rot manufactured in 
this country and in which it receives protection under the 
laws of any foreign country for a shorter period, in which 
case it shall cease to have any force in this country by vir- 
tue of this act at the same time that it becomes of no effect 
elsewhere ; and during the period that it remains in force it 
shall entitle the person, firm, or corporation registering the 
same to the exclusive use thereof so far as regards the 
description of goods to which it is appropriated in the 
statement filed under oath as aforesaid, ard no other per- 
son shall lawfully use the same trade-nu^k, or substantially 
the same, or so nearly resembling it as to be calculated to 
deceive, upon substantially the same description of goods: 
Provided, That six months prior to the expiration of said 
terra of thirty years, application may be made for a renewal 
of such registration, under regulations to be prescribed by 
the Commissioner of Patents, and the fee for such renewal 



78 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



shall be the same as for the original registration ; certifi 
cate of such renewal shall be issued in the same manner as 
for the original registration, and such trade-mark shall re- 
main in force for a further term of thirty years : And pro- 
vided further, That nothing in this section shall be con- 
strued by any court as abridging or in any manner affecting 
unfavorably the claim of any person, firm, corporation, or 
company to any trade-mark after the expiration of the term 
for which such trade-mark was registered. 

DAMAGES FOR IMITATING TRADE-MARKS. 

Sec. 79. And be it further enacted, That any person or 
corporation who shall reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or imi- 
tate any such recorded trade-mark, and affix the same to 
goods of substantially the same descriptive properties and 
qualities as those referred to in the registration, shall be li- 
able to an action in the case for damages for such wrongful 
use of said trade-mark, at the suit of the owner thereof, in 
any court of competent jurisdiction in the United States, 
and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy according 
to the course of equity to enjoin the wrongful use of his 
trade-mark and to recover compensation therefor in any 
court having jurisdiction over the person guilty of such 
wrongful use. The Commissioner of Patents shall not re- 
ceive and record any proposed trade-mark which is not and 
can not become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the 
name of a person, firm, or corporation only, unaccompanied 
by a mark sufficient to distinguish it from the same name 
when used by other persons, or which is identical with the 
trade-mark appropriate to the same class of merchandise 
and belonging to a different owner, and already registered 
or received for registration, or which so nearly resembles 
such last-mentioned trade-mark as to be likely to deceive 
the public: Provided, That this section shall not prevent 
the registry of any lawful trade-mark rightfully used at the 
time of the passage of this act. 

REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS. 

Sec. 80. And be it further enacted, That the time of the 
receipt of any trade-mark at the Patent-Office for registra- 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



tion shall be noted and recorded, and copies of the trade- 
mark and of the date of the receipt thereof, and of the state- 
ment filed therewith, under the seal of the Patent-Office, 
certified by the Commissioner, shall be evidence in any suit 
in which such trade-mark shall be brought in controversy. 



TRANSFER OF TRADE- MARKS. 

Sec. 81. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
of Patents is authorized to make rules, regulations, and pre- 
scribe forms for the transfer of the right to the use of such 
trade-marks, conforming as nearly as practicable to the re- 
quirements of law respecting the transfer and transmission 
of copy-rights. 

FRAUDULENT TRADE-MARKS. 

Sec. 82. And be it further enacted, That any person who 
shall procure the registry of any trade-mark, or of him- 
self as the owner thereof, or an entry respecling a trade- 
mark in the Patent-Office under this act, by making any 
false or fraudulent representations or declarations, verbally 
or in writing, or by any fraudulent means, shall be liable to 
pay damages in consequence of any such registry or entry to 
the person injured thereby, to be recovered in an action on 
the case before any court of competent jurisdiction within 
the United States. 

Sec. 83. And be it further enacted, That nothing in this 
act shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any remedy at 
law or in equity, which any party aggrieved by any wrong- 
ful use of any trade-mark might have had if this act had 
not been passed. 

Sec. 84. And be it further enacted, That no action shall 
be maintained under the provisions of this act by any per- 
son claiming the exclusive right to any trade-mark which is 
used or claimed in any unlawful business, or upon any ar- 
t cle which is injurious in itself, or upon any trade-mark 
which has been fraudulently obtained, or which has been 
formed and used with the design of deceiving the public in 
the purchase or use of any article of merchandise. 



80 PATENT LAWS OP 1870. 



REPEALING CLAUSE AND SCHEDULE. 

Sec. 111. And be it further enacted, That the acts and 
parts of acts set forth in the schedule of acts cited, hereto 
annexed, are hereby repealed, without reviving any acts or 
parts of acts repealed by any of said acts, or by any clause 
or provision therein : Provided, however ', That the repeal 
hereby enacted shall not affect, impair, or take away any 
right existing under any of said laws ; but all actions and 
causes of action, both in law and in equity, which have 
arisen under any of said laws may be commenced and pro- 
secuted ; and, if already commenced, may be prosecuted to 
final judgment and execution, in the same manner as though 
this act had not been passed, excepting that the remedial 
provisions of this act shall be applicable to all suits and 
proceedings hereafter commenced: And provided also, 
That all applications for patents pending at the time of the 
passage of this act, in cases where the duty has been paid, 
shall be proceeded with and acted on in the same manner as 
though filed after the passage thereof : And provided fur- 
ther, That all offenses which are defined and punishable 
under any of said acts, and all penalties and forfeitures 
created thereby, and incurred before this act takes effect, 
may be prosecuted, sued for, and recovered, and such of- 
fenses punished according to the provisions of said acts, 
which are continued in force for such purpose. 

Schedule of statutes cited and repealed, as printed in the Sta- 
tutes at Large, including such portions only of the appro- 
priation bills referred to as are applicable to the Patent- 
Office. 

PATENTS. 

Act of July 4, 1836, chapter 357, volume 5, page 117. 
March 3, 1837, chapter 45, volume 5, page 191. 
March 3, 1839, chapter 88, volume 5, page 353. 
August 29, 1842, chapter 263, volume 5, page 543. 
August 6, 1846, chapter 90, volume 9, page 59. 
May 27, 1848, chapter 47, volume 9, page 281. 
March 3, 1849, chapter 108, volume 9, page 395. 
March 3, 1851, chapter 32, volume 9, page 617. 



PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 



81 



August 30, 1852, chapter 107, volume 10, page 75. 
August 31, 1852, chapter 108, volume 10, page 76. 
March 3, 1853, chapter 97, volume 10, page 209. 
April 22, 1854, chapter 52, volume 10, page 276. 
March 3, 1855, chapter 175, volume 10, page 643. 
August 18, 1856, chapter 129, volume 11, page 81. 
March 3, 1859, chapter 80, volume 11, page 410. 
February 18, 1861, chapter 37, volume 12, page 130. 
March 2, 1861, chapter 88, volume 12, page 246. 
March 3, 1863, chapter 102, volume 12, page 796. 
June 25, 1864, chapter 159, volume 13, page 194. 
March 3, 1865, chapter 112, volume 13, page 533. 
June 27, 1866, chapter 143, volume 14, page 76. 
March 29, 1867, chapter 17, volume 15, page 10. 
Julv 20, 1868, chapter 177, volume 15, page 119. 
July 23, 1868, chapter 227, volume 15, page 168. 
March 3, 1S69, chapter 121, volume 15, page 293. 



Ocean waves rise from 20 to 22 feet in extreme height, 
at which altitude there are 3 in a mile and 4 per minute. 



Nearly all solids become luminous at 800 degrees of 
heat F. 



Melted snow produces from -J to ^ of its bulk in water. 
EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON BODIES. 



Fahrenheit. 
Deg. 

Cast-iron melts 2786 

Gold " 2016 

Copper " 1996 

Brass " 1900 

Silver " 1873 

Red heat visible by day, . . 1077 
Iron red hot in twilight, . . . 884 

Common fire, 790 

Zinc melts 773 

Iron, bright red in dark,. . . 752 

Mercury boils 630 

Lead melts 612 

Linseed oil boils 600 

Bismuth melts 497 



Fahrenheit 
Beg. 

Cadmium 450 

Tin melts 442 

Tin and bismuth, equal 

parts, melts 283 

Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts, 

lead 2 parts, melt 212 

Sodium 190 

Alcohol boils , 174 

Potassium c . . .136 

Ether " 98 

Human blood, (heat of,). .. 98 

Strong wines freeze 20 

Brandy freezes T 

Mercury freezes — 29k 



82 PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 



PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 

Although charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re- 
spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action 
of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts 
are often charred before being put into the ground. Grain 
has been found in the excavations at Herculaneum, which 
was charred at the time of the destruction of that city, eight- 
een hundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre- 
served, so that you can distinguish between the different 
kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable, 
it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and 
vegetab'es are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the 
water is kept in casks which are charred on the inside. 
Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it. 
Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by 
being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer. 
n Ale and porter filtered through it are deprived of their co'or, 
:! and sugar-refiners decolorize their brown syrups by means 
of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal, 
or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only 
one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being 
the mineral portion of the bone. 

Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety 
times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point 
of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac- 
cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this 
accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar 
power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition 
of a gas of which it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. — 
Hooker. • 



SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CRANK. 

Various devices supposed to have advan- 
tages over the common crank, have been in- 
vented. Our diagram shows one of these 
forms, which has been re-invented many times, 
by different inventors. A grooved wheel is 
employed, and in the groove are two slides, at- 
tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting) rod of a 
piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod 
acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the 
wheel. 




PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 



83 



PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, 

A knowledge of geometry, both practical and theoretical, 
is of importance to mechanics and inventors. It is pro- 
motive of truth and patience in mental habits, and leads to 
the exercise of nicety and exactness in the execution of 
mechanical labors. With a pair of dividers, a rule and 
pencil, any person may speedily acquire a considerable 
knowledge of practical geometry. We subjoin a few sim- 
ple and generally useful problems for practice, in the hope 
of thus interesting some of our readers in the subject, so 
that they will continue the study. Complete works on geo- 
metry can be had at the book-stores. 



X, 



-A 



Problem 1. — To divide a line into 
equal parts. — To draw a line perpen- 
dicular to another : Wit h a pair of di- 
viders from the extremities of the line 
A B as centres, with any distance ex- 
ceeding the point where the line is to 
be intersected, describe arcs cutting 
each other as m n ; then a line drawn 
through m n will divide the line A B 
equally, and will also be perpendicular 
thereto. 



Problem 2. — To find the side of a 
square that shall be any number of 
times the area of a given square : 
Let A B C D be the given square ; 
then will the diagonal B D be the side 
of a square A E F G, double in area 
to the given square A B C D ; the di- 
H^E B A agonal B D is equal to the line A G ; 

if the diagonal be drawn from B to G,it will be the side of 
a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B 
C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four 
times the area of the square ABCD, etc. 




84 



PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 




Problem 3. — To find the diameter 
of a circle that shall be any number 
of times the area of a given circle : 
Let A B D be the given circle; 
draw the two diameters A B and C D 
at right angles to each other, and the 
cord A D will be the radius of the 
circle o P, twice the area of the given 
circle nearly ; and half the cord will 
be the radius of a circle that will contain half the area, etc. 

Problem 4. — To describe 
an ellipsis, the transverse 
and conjugate diameters be- 
ing given : From o, as a 
centre, with the difference 
of the transverse and con- 
jugate semi-diameters, set , 
offoc and o d ; draw the 
diagonal c d, and continue 
the line o c to &, by the addition of half the diagonal c d, 
then will the distance o k be the radius of the centres that 
will describe the ellipsis ; draw the lines A B, C D, C E, 
and B H, cutting the semi-diameters of the ellipsis in the 
centres k B m n ; then with the radius m $, and with k, 
and m as centres, describe the arcs D H and A E ; also, 
with the radius n r, and with n and B as centres, describe 
the arcs E H and A H, and the figure A E D H will be the 
ellipsis required. 



The " Scientific American." — " It is hardly necessary 
for us to speak of its merits to those who are thoroughly 
posted up in the improvements of the age ; but the general 
reading public may not be so well aware that it contains the 
finest engravings of all the late inventions — the new moni- 
tors, army and navy weapons, vessels, forts, machinery of 
all kinds, military and civil, mechanical and agricultural — 
with essays from the most distinguished scholars upon prac* 




MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 00 



tical philosophy, chemistry, and engineering. It is indis- 
pensable to every inventor. It is useful for every family and 
housewife. In short, it is the best scientific and mechanical 
journal in the world, and we cannot see how any chemist, 
architect, engineer, farmer, or mechanic can do without it. 
Munx & Co., Publishers, 37 Park Row, New York."— Cass 
County Republican. 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 

In the construction of models, or machinery, the skillful 
mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in the 
arrangement of parts, and will naturally take pride in select- 
ing, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of me- 
chanical movements. 

To this end, we have thought that nothing could be more 
suggestive or useful than a comprehensive exhibition of 
many of the best mechanical forms already known. 

After much labor and expense, we have brought together, 
condensed and engraved expressly for this work, one of the 
most extensive series of mechanical movements ever before 
published. 

Here the mechanic may find at a glance the movement 
suited for his purpose, and may see the separate parts best 
adapted to any special combination of mechanism. 

As these engravings are not readily to be found elsewhere, 
we recommend the careful preservation of this book. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MECHANICAL MOVE- 
MENTS BY NUMBERS. 

1 . Shaft coupling. 2. Claw coupling. 3, 4. Lever coup- 
lings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted, 
and to the shaft to be driven a lever is hinged. By causing 
this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is 
effected. 5. Knee or rose coupling, of which 26 is a side 
view. 

6. Universal joint. 7, 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9. 
Prong and spur lever coupling. 

10. Fast and loose pulley. 11. Sliding gear, the journal 
boxes of one of the wheels being moveable. 12. Friction 
clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling 
a pulley on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of 

8 



86 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



gear. 13, 14. Shoe and lever brakes. 15,16. Change of 
motion by sheaves. 17. Spiral flanged shaft. 18. Con- 
nected with the rod are pawl links, catching into ratchet- 
teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be imparted. 
When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts; 
and when the rod moves in the opposite direction, the other 
pawl acts in the same direction as the first. 19. The recip- 
rocating motion of a rod is converted into rotary motion of 
the fly-wheel by a weight suspended from a cord, which 
passes o v er a small pulley that connects with a treadle, from 
which the motion is transmitted to the fly-wheel. 

20. " Flying horse/' used in fairs for amusement. By 
pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occu- 
pying the seats or horses on the ends of the arms are enabled 
to keep the apparatus in motion. 21, 22. Bow string ar- 
rangements, to connect reciprocating into rotary motion. 
23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. The same by 
double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts. 
26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Sliding spur pulley coupling. 
28. Lever with bearing roller to tighten pulley bands. 29. 
Chain wheel. 

30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary 
motion by two racks and cog wheel. 31. Oblique toothed 
wheels. 32. Worm and worm wheel. 33,34. Claw coup- 
ling with hinged lever. 35,36. Disk couplings, with lugs 
and cavities. 37. Disk coupling with screw bolts. 38,39, 
40. Shaft couplings. 

41. Face view of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Fric- 
tion pullies. 44. Self-releasing coupling. Disks with ob- 
lique teeth. If the resistance to the driven shaft increases 
beyond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoisting 
blocks. 46. Elbow crank, for changing motion. 47. Re- 
ciprocating into rotary motion by zig-zag groove on cylinder. 
48. Another form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a ro- 
tary motion. 

50. Same purpose. 51. Same purpose, by double rack 
and two ratchet pinions. When the double rack moves in 
one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft ; when the 
rack moves in the opposite direction, the other pinion is rigid, 
and a continuous rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel 
shaft. 52. Reciprocating into oscillating. 53. Rotary into 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



reciprocating. By the action of the wheel pins, the carnage 
is moved in one direction, and by the action of said pins on 
an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opposite direction. 54. 
Stamp rod and lifting cam. 55. For giving reciprocating 
motion to rack. 56. Same motion to a bar with slot, by 
means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving disk, 
and catching in the slot. 57. Walking beam and fly-wheel. 
58. Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by means 
of eccentric disk and friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 59. 
Hoisting crane. 

60. Frictiongears. See 43. 61. Rotary into reciproca- 
ting by rising and falling pinion acting on endless rack. 
62. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a recipro- 
cating rectilinear motion is imparted to a drum. 63. Recip- 
rocating motion to a frame by means of endless rack and 
pinion. 64. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed 
rack by a toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is subjected 
to the action of a weight, and of an eccentric wrist-pin, pro- 
jecting from a revolving disk. 65. Reciprocating motion to 
a rod. The wheels are of different diameters, and conse- 
quently the rod has to rise and fall as the wheels revolve. 
(See 110.) 66. Cam and elbow lever. 67. Rod recipro- 
cates by means of cam. 68. Revolving into reciprocating 
motion, by an endless segmental rack and pinion, the axle 
of which revolves and slides in a slot toward and from the 
rack. This rack is secured to a disk, and a rope round said 
disk extends to the body to which a reciprocating motion is 
to be imparted. 69. Elliptic gears. 

70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm wheel. 72. Trans- 
mitting motion from one axle to another, with three dif- 
ferent velocities, by means of toothed segments of unequal 
diameters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocating, by 
a cam-disk acting on an oscillating lever. 74. Intermittent 
revolving motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment 
gear wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying 
pawls which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which 
rectilinear motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, con- 
nects by a link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is 
imparted. 77. Oscillating lever and pawls, which gear in 
the ratchet-wheel. 78. Common treadle. 79. Describing 
on a revolving cylinder a spiral line of a certain given pitch 



88 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



which depends upon the comparative sizes of the pinion and 
bevel -wheels. 

80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by a screw. 
81. (See Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Cross head 
and rods. 84. Reciprocating rod guided by friction rollers. 
85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of roller- 
arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs 
projecting from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion. 

87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar. 

88. The shaft carries a tapper, which catches against a hook 
hinged to the drum, so as to carry said drum along and 
raise the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached 
its highest position, the hook strikes a pin, the hook disen- 
gages from the tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Recipro- 
cating motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique 
ring secured to a revolving shaft. 

90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to pro- 
duce reciprocating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. 
Pulleys, belts, and internal gear. 94. As the rod moves up 
and down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with 
a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to 
said wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles with dif- 
ferent velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with 
the mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in 
a disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt 
over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciproca- 
ting motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever 
which catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of 
a parallelogram which is connected to the rod to which re- 
ciprocating motion is imparted. 

100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion. 
101 . Motion of a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double- 
acting beam. 103. Single-acting beam. 104. (See Figures 
58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted 
guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving-shaft. 
106. Rod operated by f wo toothed segments. 107. Two 
cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the 
same length, and connected by links with a cross-bar to 
which the piston-rod-is secured. 108. Device for a rectilin- 
ear motion of a piston-rod based on the hypocyclodial mo- 
tion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear. 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



89 



If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one-half 
the diameter of the internal gear, the hypocycloid becomes 
a right line. 109. Same purpose as 56. 

110. Action similar to 65. 111. Revolving motion by a 
circular sliding pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel. 
112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws 
turn on their pivot-screws, and clamp the board. 114. An 
irregular vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the 
wheel A, by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intermit- 
tent rotary motion of the pinion-shaft, by the continuous 
rotary motion of the large wheel. The part of the pinion 
shown next the wheel is cut on the same curve as the plain 
portion of the circumference, and, therefore, serves as a lock 
whilst the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the 
pin upon the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, 
when the pinion-shaft commences another revolution. 116. 
Stop-motion used in watches to limit the number of revolu- 
tions in winding up. The convex curved part, a, b, of the 
wheel B, serving as the stop. 117. Several wheels, by con- 
necting rods, driven from one pulley. 118. Intermittent 
circular motion is imparted to the toothed wheel by vibrating 
the arm B. When the arm, B, is lifted, the pawl is raised 
from between the teeth of the wheel, and traveling backward 
over the circumference again, drops between two teeth on 
lowering the arm, and draws with it the wheel. 119. Re- 
ciprocating rectilinear motion is given to the bar by the con- 
tinuous motion of the cam. The cam is of equal diameter 
in every direction measured across its center. 

120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire- 
arms. When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attached 
to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, b, on the back of the 
cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121. 
Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by means of 
eccentric toothed wheel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscilla- 
ting or pendulum engine. The cylinder swings between 
trunnions like a pendulum. The piston-rod connects direct- 
ly with crank. 123. Intermittent rotary motion. The 
small wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs 
move the larger wheel by working against the faces of ob- 
lique grooves or projections across the face thereof. 124. 
Longitudinal and rotary motion of the rod is produced by 



90 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



its arrangement between two rotating rollers, the axles of 
which are oblique to each other. 125. Friction indicator of 
Koberts. Upon the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded 
carriage is placed, its tongue connected with an indicator. 
With a given load the indicating pointer remains in a given 
position, no matter what velocity is imparted to the pulley. 
When the load is changed the indicator changes, thus prov- 
ing that the friction of wheels is in proportion to load, not 
velocity. 1 26. Circular intermittent rectilinear reciprocating 
motion. Used on sewing-machines for driving the shuttle ; 
also on three-revolution cylinder printing-presses. 1 27. Con- 
tinuous circular into intermittent circular motion. The cam 
is the driver. 128. Sewing-machine, four-motion feed. The 
bar, B, carries the feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to 
slide, A. B is lifted by a radial projection on cam C, 
which at the same time also carries A and B forward. A 
spring produces the return stroke, and the bar B, drops by 
gravity. 129. Patent crank motion, to obviate dead centers. 
Pressure on the treadle moves the slotted slide, A, forward 
until the wrist passes the center, when the spring, B, forces 
the slide against the stops until next forward movement. 

130. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives 
a complete revolution to the crank. 132. Rectilinear motion 
of variable velocity, is given to the vertical bar by rotation 
of the shaft of the curved arm. 133. Pantagraph for copy- 
ing, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed point. B, 
ivory tracing point. A, pencil trace, the lines to be copied 
with, and B, the pencil, will re-produce it double size. Shift 
the slide to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and 
size of the copy will be varied. 134. Ball and socket joint 
for tubing. 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth 
of the worm shaft gear with a pair of worm-wheels of equal 
diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. If the 
first wheel has 100 teeth and the second 101, the pointers 
will indicate respectively 101 and 10.100 revolutions. 130 
Montgolfier's hydraulic ram. The right hand valve being 
kept open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through 
i the pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. 
I When the pressure of the water current overcomes the weight 
of the right valve, the momentum of the water opens the 
other valve, and the water passes into the air-chamber On 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 91 



equilibrium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right 
valve opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water 
is raised into the air-chamber at every stroke. 137. Rotary 
engine. Shaft, B, and hub, C, are arranged eccentric to the 
case^ Sliding radial pistons, a, a, move in and out of hub, 
C. The pistons slide through rolling packings in the hub, 
C. 138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, |i 
B, connect with crank, D. Steam is admitted to acton the 
outer sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and 
the exhaust is between the pistons. 139. Circular into rec- 
tilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion 
to the horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectilinear 
movement to the upright bar. 140. Rotary motion trans- 
mitted by roiling contact between two obliquely arranged 
shafts. 

MULTTJM IN PARVO. 
We have some queer correspondents : One writes to know 
if we will not be so good as to send a messenger to an ad- 
dress which he gives, up town — distance two and a half 
miles from our office — to make certain inquiries for him. It 
would require one and a half hours time to do the errand, 
and not a stamp inclosed. Another wants us to write a let- 
ter and tell him where to get a combined thermometer and 
barometer. Another, " will you be good enough to give me 
the names and addresses of several of the makers of the best 
brick machines;" another wants water wheels; another 
threshing machines; each writer desires our written opinion 
as to which is the best device, with our reasons, and not one 
is thoughtful enough to inclose a fee, or reflect that to an- 
swer his request will consume considerable of our time. An- 
other party wishes us to write to him the recipe for making 
ornaments out of coal tar, where he can buy the mixture 
ready for use, and how much chequer-men will sell for in the 
New York market. For this information he sends us the 
generous sum of three cents in postage stamps. Mr. C. wants 
us to tell him of some valuable invention, of which he can 
buy the patent cheap, that would be suitable for him to take 
to sell, on his travels out West, by towns, counties, etc., three 
cents inclosed. Others want us to put them in communica- 
tion with some person who will purchase an interest in their 
inventions, or manufacture for them, or furnish this or that 
personal information, our reply to be printed in the Scientific 
American. We are at all times happy to serve our corre- 
spondents, but if replies to purely personal errands are expect- 
ed, a small fee, say from one to five dollars, should be sent. 



92 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 



ctpEJtfa 






D 





ifiBi 



^3 



ir 1 



~J£y 








fl- 



t 



'W 



% 



94 MECHANIC^ MOVEMENTS. 





1 

4J j 



¥\ 




B a \ <5 > 






sQ^r 









To TT 





C 




J 



96 



MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 




1 










i #s ($) 



"7 




y.i 



m 





^ 



•* 




\I29 







135 (<§ 




BH 



/37 



X 

^./\\ 




A 



^p 



WILL IT PAY? 97 



WILL.IT PAY? 

On page 5, readers are informed that we are always happy 
to give them, our opinion as to the novelty of their inven- 
tions, without charge. But some persons, when they send 
for such information, add many other inquiries, difficult to 
answer, and not included in our gratuitous invitation ; as for 
example : " What is it worth ? Who will buy ? Will it 
pay ? Does it infringe ? Does it conflict with B's patent ? 
If you will guarantee that it does not infringe, I will apply 
for a patent/' etc. 

It is impossible for us to answer all of these questions 
satisfactorily, but in special cases we might write out a reply 
if a fee were sent to compensate for our time. The follow- 
ing hints, however, may prove useful as a sort of general 
answer. 

" What is it worth ? Whc will buy ?" If a patent is re- 
fused, and cannot be obtained, the device is worth nothing, 
and no one will buy. Therefore the first thing to be consid- 
ered, the first step to be taken, is to obtain the Patent. Do 
not count your chickens, nor anxiously seek a market for 
them, nor ask anybody to guarantee or insure their lives, 
before they are hatched. 

" Will it pay ?" As a general rule, every patentable im- 
provement will more than repay the small cost of taking out 
the patent. The sale of a single machine, or of a single 
right of use, will often bring back more than the whole out- 
lay for the patent. The extent of profit frequently depends 
upon the business capacity of the inventor, or his agent. 
One man will make a fortune from an unpromising improve- 
ment, while another, possessing a brilliant invention, will 
realize little or nothing, owing to idleness and incompetence. 
[See remarks, page 42.] 

" Does it infringe V* To answer this in each individual 
case, requires the special search mentioned at page 102. In- 
fringement consists in the use, sale, or manufacture of the 
thing patented. It is not an infringement to take out or 
hold a patent for an improvement upon any other patent. 
It is not an infringement to sell rights under any patent, 
whether town, county or state rights, or licenses. The ac- 
tual manufacture, sale, or use of an article may infringe ; 
but the sale or purchase of patent rights is not infringement. 

" 9 



98 



WILL IT PAY? 



All good improvements are worth patenting, even if their 
use infringes a prior patent. Many an infringing device is 
worth more than the patent with which it conflicts. Patent- 
ees of conflicting inventions can usually make satisfactory 
arrangements with the owners of the prior patents ; it is ob- 
viously to the interest of prior patentees to have their patents 
used as extensively as possible. The princely revenue of 
Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine, said to be five 
hundred thousand dollars annually, is derived from infring- 
ing patentees, who pay him a small royalty on each machine. 
The net profits divided among the owners of one of these 
infringing patents, — the celebrated Wheeler and Wilson— is 
reported to be more than one million dollars a year. We 
might give hundreds of analogous examples. 

SUBSTITUTE FOR BELTS AND GEARS. 

The object of this device is to transmit motion from one 
shaft to another, without the use of belt or pear wheels, both 
of which are in some instances objectionable. 




Continuous rotary motion of the pulley shaft, is imparted 
to the secondary shaft through the connecting rods 



STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. 


Pressure 


Correspond'g 


1 Pressure 


Correspond'g 


Fressure 


Correspond'g 


in lbs. 


Temperature, 


in lbs. 


Temperature. ! 


in lbs. 


Temperature, 


prsq.in. 


Fahrenheit. 


persq. in. 


Fahrenheit. 


persq. in. 


Fahrenheit. 


10 


192.4 


65 


301.3 | 


140 


357.9 


15 


212.8 


70 


306.4 


150 


363.4 


20 


228.5 


75 


311.2 


160 


368.7 


25 


241.0 


80 


315.8 


170 


373.6 


30 


251.6 


85 


320.1 


180 


378.4 


35 


260.9 


90 


324.3 


190 


382.9 


40 


269.1 


95 


328.2 


200 


387.3 


45 


276.4 


100 


332.0 


210 


391.5 


50 


283.2 


110 


339.2 


220 


395.5 


55 


289.3 


120 


345.8 


230 


399.4 


60 


295.6 


130 


352.1 


240 


403.1 






[Third 


Edition. 







THE VALUE OF BRAINS. 99 



THE VALUE OF BRAINS. 

Working as an ordinary hand in a Philadelphia ship-yard, 
until within a few years, was a man named John L. Knowl- 
ton. His peculiarity was, that while others of his class were 
at the ale-houses, or indulging in jollification, he was inces- 
santly engaged in studying upon mechanical combinations. 
One of his companions secured a poodle-dog, and spent six 
months in teaching the quadruped to execute a jig upon his 
hind-legs. Knowlton spent the same period in discovering 
some method by which he could saw out ship timber in a 
beveled form. 

The first man taught his dog to dance. Knowlton, in the 
same time, discovered a mechanical combination that enabled 
him to do in two hours the work that would occupy a dozen 
men, by slow and laborious processes, an entire day. That 
saw is now in use in all the ship-yards of the country. It 
cuts a beam to a curved shape as quickly as an ordinary 
saw-mill saw rips up a straight plank. 

Knowlton continued his experiments. He took no part in 
parades or target-shootings, and in a short time afterward he 
secured a patent for a machine that turns any material what- 
ever into a perfectly spherical form. He sold a portion of his 
patent for a sum that is equivalent to a fortune. The 
machine was used in cleaning off cannon-balls for the gov- 
ernment. 

When the ball comes from the mould, the surface is incrust- 
ed, and the ordinary process of smoothing it was slow and 
wearisome. This machine almost in an instant, and with 
mathematical accuracy, peels it to the surface of the metal, 
at the same time smoothing out any deviations from the per- 
fect spheroidal form. 

The same unassuming man has invented a boring-machine, 
that was tested in the presence of a number of scientific gen- 
tlemen. It bored at the rate of twenty-two inches an hour, 
through a block of granite, with a pressure of but three hun- 
dred pounds upon the drill. A gentleman present offered 
him ten thousand dollars upon the spot for a part interest in 
the invention, in Europe, and the offer was then accepted. 

The moral of all this is, that people who keep on studying 



100 ENGRAVINGS AND ADVERTISING. 



are sure to achieve something. Mr. Knowlton doesn't con- 
sider himself by any means brilliant; but if once inspired 
with an idea, he pursues it until lie forces it into tangible 
shape. If every body would follow copy, the world would 
be less filled with idlers, and the streets with grumblers and 
malcontents. 



E2STGKAVINGS AND ADVERTISING. 

Experience shows that the illustration of inventions by 
engravings is one of the best means ever devised for the 
introduction of inventions and the sale of patents. As a 
means for the circulation of such illustrations, nothing can 
compare in value with the Scientific American. Every en- 
graving published therein goes before probably not less than 
one hundred and fifty thousand per so?is. 

All good business men, before spending their money upon 
advertising, are in the habit of inquiring about the charac- 
ter and extent of circulation enjoyed by the journal that so- 
licits their patronage. In this respect the publishers of the 
Scientific American challenge the closest scrutiny ; the facts 
will show that their terms are much lower than those of any 
other journal of the same class in proportion to the extent 
of circulation. 

Parties who desire to have their machines illustrated can 
address the undersigned, who are also prepared to send ar- 
tists to make sketches of manufacturing establishments, with 
a view to their publication in the Scientific American. 
MUNN & CO., 
SI Park Row, New-York. 



SOAP-BUBBLES. 

Few things amuse children more than blowing bubbles. 
Dissolve a quarter of an ounce of Castile or oil soap, cut up 
in small pieces, in three quarters of a pint of water, and 
boil it for two or three minutes; then add five ounces of 
glycerine. When cold, this fluid will produce the best and 
most lasting bubbles that can be blown. 



GOING TO WASHINGTON IN PERSON. 101 




GOING TO WASHINGTON IN PERSON. 

Some inventors suppose, very 
naturally, that if personally pre- 
sent in Washington, they can .get 
their cases through more expe- 
ditiously, or command other im- 
portant facilities. But this is not 
so. The journey to Washington 
is usually a mere waste of time 
and money. A good agent must 
be employed after the inventor 
gets there. JVo inventor can pos- 
sibly have facilities or influence 
superior to our own ; more than 
one third of the entire business of the Patent Office passes 
through our hands ; and we have an office in Washington, 
charged with the especial duty of watching over and press- 
ing forward the interests of our clients. 

The Patent Office does not prepare patent papers, or make 
models. These must be provided by the applicant or his 
attorney, according to law, otherwise his claim will not be 
considered. 

The law especially requires that all documents deposited 
in the Patent Office shall be correctly, legibly, and clearly 
written, and that the drawings shall be of a specified size, 
and executed in an artistic manner. 

Persons who visit Washington in person, can have all 
their patent business promptly attended to, by calling at 
Munn & Co.'s Branch Scientific American Office, corner 
of 7th and F streets, opposite the Patent Office. 



COPIES OF PATENTS, CLAIMS, ETC. 
We furnish full copies of specifications or drawings of 
any existing patent, or open rejected case, official letter, 
assignment, etc., etc. The expense is very moderate. For 
$1 we can send a copy of the claims only, of any existing 
patent, provided the date or number of the patent is given. 
But when we have to search up the patent, date or number 
not being given, the charge is increased. 



102 



THE LAW OF INFRINGEMENT. 




INFKINGEMENTS. 

The general rule of law is, 
that the prior patentee is en- 
titled to a broad interpretation 
of his claims. The scope of 
any patent is therefore govern- 
ed by the inventions of prior 
date. To determine whether 
the use of a patent is an infringement of another, generally 
requires a most careful study of all analogous prior patents 
and rejected applications. An opinion based upon such 
study requires for its preparation much time and labor. 

Having access to all the patents, models, public records, 
drawings, and other documents pertaining to the Patent 
Office, we are prepared to make examinations, and give 
opinions upon all infringement questions, advice as to the 
scope and ground covered by patents, and direct with vigor 
any legal proceedings therewith connected. Address, Munn 
& Co., 37 Park Row, N. Y. 

The expense of these examinations, with written opinion, 
varies from $25 to $100 or more, according to the labor in- 
volved. 



To the Editors of The Scientific American : 

Let me encourage you, gentlemen, in your great enter- 
prise. Perhaps we need light and elegant literature ; we 
may even need a chess columns ;" but let The Scientific 
American continue to teach the people how to realize Dean 
Swift's prayer — " Make two blades of grass grow on the spot 
where only one grew before." Let it still increase the me- 
chanical and agricultural knowledge of our artisans and far- 
mers, by publishing the latest discoveries in science and 
improvements in the arts. And then its editors will have 
the noblest reward — that of being considered the guard- 
ian angels of genius, the champions of inventors, and the 
" prime motors" employed in developing the highest phy- 
sical and intellectual resources of this great country. 

Camden, Ark. W. A. Shaw, M.D. 



QUICK APPLICATIONS. 



103 



QUICK APPLICATIONS. 

When, from any rea- 
son, parties are desirous 
of applying for a Patent, 
or filing a Caveat in 
great haste, without a 
moment's loss of time, 
they have only to write 
or telegraph to us, and 
we will make special ex- 
ertions. In many ca^es, 
we can prepare the pa- 
pers at an hour's notice. 
But our correspond- 
ents must remember that 
we can not send them blank papers for signature and oath, 
as this is forbidden by the Commissioner of Patents. 

All persons without any distinction as to nationality can 
take American Patents on the same terms as citizens. 

Caveats can only be filed by citizens and those who have 
resided in this country a year and declared their intentions 
to become citizens. Foreigners can not file Caveats. 




THE INVENTOR MUST APPLY FOR THE 
PATENT. 

It is necessary, in all cases, that an application for a pa- 
tent should be made in the name of the inventor, and the 
petition and specification must be signed by him. An in- 
ventor may appoint an attorney, or may sell and assign all 
his interest in an invention ; still the patent papers, on mak- 
ing the application, must be signed and sworn by the in- 
ventor; otherwise they will not be received by the Com- 
missioner of Patents. 



Remember that self-interest is more likely to warp your 
judgment than all other circumstances combined; therefore, 
look well to your duty when your interest is concerned. 



104 



USEFUL HINTS TO INQUIRERS. 




A "WORD TO INQUIRERS. 

We frequently receive letters containing 
long strings of trifling questions, relative to 
all sorts of things, without any fee to pay 
us for our time in obtaining the information, 
nor even stamps for postage or stationery. 
Many of these correspondents close their 
letters with the comforting assurance that 
" I would remit for your trouble, but do 
not know how much to send." To relieve 
the consciences of all such doubters, we 
would recommend them to send a dollar or more, according 
to the value to them of the desired information. If the 
latter is of no value, they ought not to trouble us with their 
fly-tracks. 

To certain other classes of inquirers the following hints 
may be useful : The best washing-machines, the best straw- 
cutters, the best churns, the best brick-machines, the best 
engines, the best sewing-machines, the best of every thing 
in the mechanical line, is advertised and illustrated in The 
Scientific American, and the address of the parties having 
such things on sale is there given. Write directly to them 
for the information you want, and spare us. If you cannot 
at first find what you desire, read the back numbers of 
The Scientific American. Do not expect us to do the 
work for you unless you send a small remittance. 



To find the area of an ellipsis, multiply the long diam- 
eter by the short diameter and by .7854 ; the product will 
be the area. 

Never relate your misfortunes, and never grieve over what 
you cannot prevent. 

To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the 
diameter by the decimal .7854. Or multiply the circum- 
ference by the radius, and divide the product by 2. 



WHERE TO GO FOR PATENTS. 105 




[From The Scientific American.] 

BELATUSTG TO PATENTS. 

T may be well for parties 
who are interested in new i 
inventions to remember that 
our firm of Munn & Co. have • 
taken out far more patents, ] 
and have, therefore, had | 
much greater experience in 
the profession, than any other 
agency in the world. Those 
who confide their business to 
us may therefore rely upon 
having it done in the best 
nanner on the most mod- 
erate terms. 

In addition to these advantages, we make it a general rule 
to assist the interest of our clients by giving publicity in 
the form of editorial notices, of all the new and meritorious 
inventions that are patented through our agency. The fact 
that we have carefully studied these improvements during 
the process of preparing the patent papers, enables us to 
speak knowingly in regard to their best features. The pub- 1 
licity thus given to inventions, owing to the immense cir- i 
culation of The Scientific American among intelligent] 
readers, is often of the utmost benefit to patentees. In j 
some cases it has engaged the active cooperation of enter- 
prising capitalists and manufacturers, in patents which other- 
wise would have remained dead, and has resulted in the 
most important pecuniary advantages to inventors and pa- 
tentees, as hundreds of them are ready to testify ; although | 
the sum total of our charges for preparing their patent pa- 
pers has rarely exceeded the small amount of twenty-five 
dollars. Whatever carping, jealous, or envious persons, or 
little agents, may say to the contrary, we are justified in 
affirming that all who really wish to promote their own in-, 
terests will do well to employ The Scientific American 
Patent Agency. 



106 



MINERAL CONSTITUENTS. 



MINERAL CONSTITUENTS ABSORBED OR 
REMOVED FROM AN ACRE OF SOIL BY 
THE FOLLOWING CROPS. 





Wheat, 

25 bushels. 


Barley, 
40 bushels. 


Turnips, 
20 tons. 


Hay, 

\% tons. 


Potassa 


Lbs. 
29.6 

3. 

12.9 
10.6 

2.6 
20.6 
10.6 

2. 
118.1 


Lbs. 
17.5 

5.2 
17. 

9 2 

2.1 
25.8 

27 
16. 
129.5 

2.4 


Lbs. 
47.1 

8.2 
29.9 
19.7 

7.1 

46.3 

13.3 

1 3.6 

247.8 


Lbs. 
38 2 


Soda 


12. 


Lime 


44.5 


Magnesia 

Oxide of Iron... 
Phosphoric Acid. 
Sulphuric Acid.. 

Chlorine 

Silica 


7.1 

.6 

15.1 

9.2 

4.1 

78.2 


Alumina 




Total... 


210.00 


213.00 


423.00 


209.00 



SOUND 

Is the effect produced upon the ear when air is set in motion 
within certain limits of rapidity. Audible sound begins when 
about thirty-two vibrations per second are made, and ceases 
when about 8000 vibrations per second are reached. 

The number of vibrations corresponding with the middle 
C of a musical instrument is 522 per second. An octave 
below, half the number ; an octave above, twice the number. 

Sound travels at the rate of 1100 feet per second in a still 
atmosphere. The distance in feet between an observer and 
the point where a stroke of lightning falls, may be known by 
multiplying 1100 by the number of seconds that elapse after 
the flash is seen until the sound is heard. 



A MESSIEURS LES INVSNTETJRS FRANCAIS. 

' Les inventeurs francais non familiers avec la langue an- 
glaise et qui prefereraient nous communiquer leurs inven- 
tions en francais, peuvent nous addresser dans leur langue 
natale. Envoyez nous un dessein et une description concise 
pour notre examen. Toutes communications seront recues 
en confidence. Chaque personne, soit native ou etrangere, 
une seule exception, peut obtenir une patentedans les Etats 
LFnis sous les memes conditions que les citoyens. On parle 
francais dans notre bureau. Munn <fe Co., 

SI Park Row, New- York, Scientific American Office. 



CENSUS 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES, TOE 1870. 



ALABAMA.— Area, 50,722 square miles. 

4utauga. ..11,623 Clay 9,560 Fayette 7,166 Lowndes. ..25,719 Randolph .. 12,006 

Baker 6,194 Cleburne. . . 8,017 Franklin. . . 8,006 Macon 17,727 Russell 21.636 

Baldwin.... 6,004 Coffee 6,171 Geneva 2,959 Madison .. .31,267 Sanford 8893 

Barbour ...29,309 Colbert 12,537 Greene 18,399 Marengo.. .26,151 Shelby 12,218 

Benton Conecuh ... 9,574 Hancock Marion 6,059 St. Clair.. . 9,360 

Bibb 7,469 Coosa 11,945 Hale 21.792 Marshall. .. 9,871 Sumter 24,110 

Blount 9,945 Covington. . 4,868 Henry 14,191 Mobile 49,311 Talladega. . 18,063 

Bullock . . . .24,474 Crenshaw. . 11,156 Jackson. . . .19,410 Montgom'y.43,704 Tallapoosa 16,963 

Butler 14,981 Dale 11,325 Jefferson.. .12,345 Morgan. .. .12,187 Tuscaloosa. 20,081 

Calhoun ... 13,979 DaUas 40,705 Lauderdale 15,092 Monroe 14,214 Walker. ... 6,543 

Chambers. . 17,562 De Kalb. .. 7,126 Lawrence . 16,658 Perry 24,975 Washington 3,912 

Cherokee.. 11, 132 Elmore 14,477 Lee 21,750 Pickens.. . .17,690 Wilcox ... .28,377 

Choctaw... 12,676 Escambia. . 4,041 Limestone. . 15,017 Pike 17,423 Winston.. . 4,155 

Clark 14,629 Etowah 10,109 Total 996,988 

ARKANSAS.— Area, 52,198 square miles. 

Arkansas.. 8,268 Craighead. 4,577 Izard 6,806 Newton 3,364 Saline 3,911 

Ashley 8,042 Cross 3,915 Jackson.. .. 7,268 Ouachita.. .12,975 Scott 7,483 

Benton 13,831 Dallas 5,707 Jefferson . .15,733 Perry 2,685 Searcy 5,614 

Boone 7,032 Desha 6,125 Johnson... . 9,152 Phillips. .. .15,372 Sebastian. .12,940 

Bradley. . . . 8,646 Drew 9,960 Lafayette. . 9,139 Pike 3,788 Sevier 4,492 

Calhoun ... 3,853 Franklin.. . 9,627 Lawrence.. 5,981 Poinsett ... 1,720 Sharpe 5,400 

Carroll 5,780 Fulton .... 4,843 Little River 3,236 Polk 3,376 Union 10,571 

Chicot 7,214 Grant 3,943 Madison ... 7,927 Pope 8,409 Van Buren. 5,107 

Clark 11,953 Green 7,573 Marion 3,979- Prairie 5,604 Washingt'nl7.266 

Columbia.. 11,397 Hempstead. 13,768 Mississippi. 3,633 Pulaski .. .32,066 White 10,346 

Conway.... 8,112 Hot Springs 5,877 Monroe 8,336 Randolph .. 7,466 Woodruff. . 6,891 

Crawford. . 8,957 Independ'cel4,566 Montgoin'y . 2984 St. Francis. 6,714 Yell 8,048 

Crittenden. 3,831 Total 483,179 

CALIFORNIA.— Area, 188.981 square miles. 

Alameda... 24,237 Humboldt.. 6,143 Merced 2,807 S. Franc'o 149,482 Solano 16,871 

Alpine 685 Inyo 1,956 Mono 430 S. Joaquin. 21,050 Sonoma .. .19,819 

Amador... 9,582 Kern 2,925 Monterey .. 9,876 S.L.Obispo. 4,772 Stanislaus . 6,499 

Butte 11,403 Klamath... 1,686 Napa 7,163 S. Mateo .. 6,635 Sutter 5,030 

Calaveras.. 8,895 Lake 2,969 Nevada .. .19,136 S. Barbara. 7,784 Tehoma ... 3,587 

Colusa 6,165 Lassen 1,324 Placer 11,357 S. Clara. ..26,246 Trinity 3,213 

Contra Costa 8,461 Los Angelosl5,309 Plumas 4,489 S. Cruz . . . 8,743 Tulare 4,533 

Del Norte.. 2,022 Marin 6,903 Sacramento26,831 Shasta 4,173 Tu.olumne.. 8,150 

El Dorado . 10,309 Mariposa . . 4,572 S. Bernar'o 3,988 Sierra 5,619 Yolo 9,899 

Fresno 6,336 Mendocino . 7.545 San Diego . 4,974 Siskiyou. .. 6,848 Yuba 10,851 

Total 560.285 

CONNECTICUT.— Area, 4,674 square mils. 

Fairfield... 95,276 Litchfield . .48,727 N. Haven. 121,257 Tolland. .. .22,000 Windham .38,518 

Hartford .109,007 Middlesex .36,099 N. London . 66,534 Total 537,418 

DEL A. WARE.— Area, 2,120 squar miles. 

Kent 29,804 N. Castle. .63,515 Sussex 31,696 Total 125,015 

FLORIDA.— Area, 59,268 square miles. 

Alachua . . .17,328 Duval 11,921 Jackson . . . 9,528 Marion 10,804 St. Johns . . 2,618 

Baker 1,325 Escambia. . 7,825 Jafferson . .13,398 Monroe 5,657 Sumter 2,952 

Benton Franklin .. 1,256 Lafayette. . 1,783 Nassau. ... 4,247 Suwanee .. 3,556 

Bradford.. 3,671 Gadsden ... 9,802 Leon 15,233 New River, Taylor 1,443 

Brevard... 1,216 Hamilton .. 5,749 Levy 2,017 Orange 2,195 Volusia. ... 1,723 

Calhoun... 908 Hernando . 2,938 Liberty, ... 1,050 Polk 3,159 Wakulla .. 2,505 

Clay 2,098 Hillsboro . . 3,215 Madison . . .11,121 Putnam . . . 3,821 Walton. . . . 3,050 

Columbia.. 7,335 Holmes. ... 1,572 Manatee ... 1,931 S. Rosa. ... 8,312 Washing'n. 2,302 

Dade 85 Total 187,750 

GEORGIA.— Area, 58,000 square miles. 

Appling ... 5,086 Bullock ... 5,610 Charlton .. 1,897 Cobb 13,814 De Kalb. . .10,014 

Baker 6,843 Burke. . . . 14,586 Chatham . .41,279 Coffee 3,192 Dooley 9,790 

Baldwin... 10,618 Butts 6,941 Chattah'ee. 6,059 Colquitt ... 1,654 Dougherty. 11,514 

Banks 4,973 Calhoun ... 5,503 Chatooga .. 6,902 Columbia .. 13,529 Earlv 6,998 

Bartow 16,566 Camden ... 4,611 Cherokee. 10,399 Coweta 15,875 Echols 1,978 

Berrien ... 4,518 Campbell .. 9,176 Clarke ... .12,941 Crawford. . 7,557 Effingham. . 4,214 

Bibb 21,255 Carroll 11,782 Clay 5,493 Dade 3,033 Elbert 9,249 

Brooks 8,342 Cass Clayton 5,477 Dawson . . . 4,369 Emanuel .. 6,143 

Bryan 5,252 Catoosa ... 4,409 Clinch 3,945 Decatur. . .15,183 Fannin 5,429 



108 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Forsyth . . . 7,983 Irwin 1,837 Milton 4,284 Randolph . .10,561 Union 5,267 

Franklin .. 7,893 Jackson . .11,181 Mitchell ..6,633 Richmond .25,137 Upson 9,430 

Fulton 3,346 Jasper .... 10,439 Monroe. . . .17,213 Schley 5,129 Walker . . . 9,925 

Gilmer 6,644 Jefferson . .12,192 Montgom'y. 3,586 Scriver 9,175 Walton 11,038 

Glascock .. 2,736 Johnson ... 2,964 Morgan ...10,696 Spaulding. .10,205 Ware 2,286 

Glynn 5,376 Jones 9,436 Murray . . . 6,500 Stewart . . .14,204 Warren . . .10,545 

Gordon 9,268 Laurens ... 7,834 Muscogee. .16,663 Sumter 16,559 Washing'n. 15,641 

Greene 12,454 Lee 9,567 Newton .. .14,615 Talbot 11,913 Wayne. ... 2,177 

Gwinnett ..12,431 Liberty ...18,912 Oglethorpe. 11, 782 Taliaferro . 4,796 Webster ... 4,677 

Habersham 6,322 Lincoln 5,413 Paulding . . 7,639 Tatnall 4,860 White 4,606 

Hall 9,607 Lowndes . . 8,321 Pickens . . . 5,317 Taylor .... 7,143 Whitfield . .10,117 

Hancock. . .11,317 Lumpkin . . 5,161 Pierce 2,778 Telfair 3,245 Wilcox 2,439 

Haralson.. . 4,004 Macon . . . .11,458 Pike 10,905 Terrell 9,053 Wilkes 11.7S6 

Harris 13,284 Madison.. . 5,227 Polk 7,822 Thomas. . .17,158 Wilkinson . 9,387 

Hart 6,783 Marion 8,000 Pulaski . . 11,940 Towns 2,780 Worth 3778 

Heard 7,866 Mcintosh . . 4.485 Putnam . . . 10,461 Total 1,194,089 

ILLINOIS. Area, 55,405 square miles. 

Adams 56,362 Du Page . .16,685 Jo Daviess. 27,810 Mason 16,184 Saline 12,714 

Alexander . 10,564 Edgar 21,450 Johnson .. .11,248 Massac .... 9,581 Sangamon .46,354 

Bond 13,152 Edwards .. 7,565 Kane 39,091 Menard .. .11,735 Schuyler . .17,419 

Boone 12,942 Effingham. . 15,653 Kankakee .24,352 Mercer. .. .18,769 Scott 10,530 

Brown 12,205 Fayette .. .19,338 Kendall .. .12,399 Monroe ... 12,892 Shelby 26,475 

Bureau 32,415 Ford 9,103 Knox 39,523 Montgom'y.25,315 Stark 10,751 

Calhoun . . . 6,562 Franklin . .12,652 Lake 21,014 Morgan . . .28,463 Stephenson. 30,608 

Carroll . . . 16,705 Fulton 38,292 La Salle. . .60,792 Moultrie . .10,385 Tazewell . .27,903 

Cass 10,089 Gallatin .. .11,134 Lawrence.. 12,533 Ogle 27,493 Union 16,518 

Champaign 32,738 Green 20,277 Lee 27,171 Peoria 47,540 Vermilion. . 30,388 

Christian . .20,363 Grundy ... 14,938 Livingston .31,472 Perry 13,723 Wabash ... .8,841 

Clark 18,719 Hamilton . .13,014 Logan 23,052 Piatt 10,963 Warren .. .23,174 

Clay 15,875 Hancock . .34,461 McDono'h .26,511 Pike 30,768 Washing'n. 17,599 

Clinton' 16,284 Hardin 5,113 McHenry. .23,762 Pope 11,437 Wayne 19,758 

Coles. .... .25,237 Henderson . 12,582 McLean . . .53,988 Pulaski . . . 8,752 White 16,846 

Cook 349,970 Henry 35,507 Macon 20,622 Putnam . . .66,280 Whiteside . 27,506 

Crawford. .13,889 Iroquois . . .25,782 Macoupin . .32,729 Randolph. .20,859 Will 43,013 

Cumberld . 12,223 Jackson .. .19,634 Madison.. .44,131 Richland .. 12,803 Williamson 17,329 

DeKalb... 23,265 Jasper 11,234 Marion 20,622 Rock Island 29,783 Winnebago 29,301 

~ Witt . . .14,768 Jefferson . .17,864 Marshall . .16,956 St. Clair. . .51,069 Woodford .18,956 

jglas . . .13,484 Jersey 15,054 Total 2,539,638 

INDIANA.— Area, 33,809 square mile?. 

Adams 10,382 Elkhart . . .26,026 Jefferson . .29,741 Noble 20,389 Stark 3,888 

Allen 43,494 Fayette ... 10,476 Jennings . .16,218 Ohio 5,837 Steuben .. .12,854 

Barthol'w .21,133 Floyd 23,300 Johnson . . .18,366 Orange 13,497 Sullivan . . .18,453 

Benton 5,615 Fountain . .16,389 Knox .... .21,559 Owen 16,137 Switzerlandl2,134 

Blackford . 6,272 Franklin . .20,223 Kosciusko .23,531 Parke 18,166 Tippecanoe 33,515 

Boone 22,593 Fulton 12,726 La Grange. 14,148 Perry 14,801 Tipton ... .11,953 

Brown 8,681 Gibson 17,371 Lake 12,339 Pike 13,779 Union 6,341 

Carroll 16,152 Grant 18,487 La Porte . .27,062 Porter . . . .13,942 Vanderbg.33,145 

Cass 24,193 Green 19,514 Lawrence .. 14,628 Posey 19,185 Vermilion .10,840 

Clarke 24,770 Hamilton . .20,882 Madison . . .22,770 Pulaski 7,802 Vigo 33,549 

Clay 19,084 Hancock. . .15,123 Marion 65,245 Putnam .. .21,514 Wabash .. .21,305 

Clinton... 17,330 Harrison . .19,913 Marshall . .20,211 Randolph. .22,862 Warren ... 10,204 

Crawford.. 9,851 Hendricks .20,277 Martin 11,103 Ripley 20,977 Warwick 

Daviess ...16,747 Henry 22,986 Miami 21,052 Rush 17,626 Washing'n 18,495 

Dearborn. .24,116 Howard ... 15,847 Monroe 14,168 St. Joseph .25,322 Wayne 34,048 

Decatur Huntington 19,036 Montgom'y.23,765 Scott 7,873 Wells 13,585 

DeKalb... 17,167 Jackson ... 18,974 Morgan .. .17,528 Shelby ... .21,892 White 10,554 

Delaware. 19,030 Jasper 6,534 Newton ... 5,829 Spencer .. .17,998 Whitley .. .14,399 

Dubois .... 12,597 Jay 15,000 

IOWA.— Area, 50,914 square miles. 

Adair 3,982 Cedar 19,731 Dubuque . .38,969 Humboldt . 2,596 Madison . . .16,854 

Adams 4,614 Cerro Gor'o 4,722 Emmett ... 1,292 Ida 226 Mahaska .. 2,508 

Allamakee . 17,868 Cherokee . . 1,967 Fayette . . . 16,973 Iowa 16,642 Marion 4,434 

Appanoose. 16,456 Chickasaw. 10,180 Floyd 10,768 Jackson .. .22,620 Marshall . .17 076 

Audubon . . 1,212 Clarke 8,735 Franklin . . 4,738 Jasper 22,116 Mills 8,717 

Benton 22,454 Clay 1,523 Fremont. . .11,174 Jefferson . .17,839 Mitchell . . . 9,583 

Bl'k Hawk.21,706 Clayton .. .27,771 Greene 4,627 Johnson .. .24,898 Monona ... 3,654 

Boone 14,576 Clinton. .. .35,357 Grundy ... 6,398 Jones 19,731 Monroe. .. .12,724 

Bremer ... 12,528 Crawford. . 2,530 Guthrie ... 7,061 Keokuk .. .19,434 Montgom'y. 5,934 

Buchanan .17,034 Dallas 12,019 Hamilton .. 6,065 Kossuth ... 3,351 Muscatine 21,688 

Buena Vista. 1,585 Davis 15,565 Hancock... 999 Lee 37,210 O'Brien... 716 

Butler 9,951 Decatur . . . 12,018 Hardin 13,686 Lynn 28,785 Osceola 

Calhoun... 1,602 Delaware. .17,432 Harrison .. 8,931 Louisa 12,869 Page 9,974 

Carroll 2,461 Des Moines 27,258 Henry 21,460 Lucas 10,288 Palo Alto . . 1,336 

Cass 5,464 Dickinson . 1,389 Howard ... 6,282 Lyon 21 Plymouth. . 2,199 







CENSUS OP 


THE 


UNITED STATES. 




109 


Pocahontas 


. 1,446 


Sac 


. 1,411 


Tama . . . 


.16,131 


Warren . . 


17,982 


Winneshiek23,570 


Polk 


.27,857 


Scott 


.33,599 


Taylor . . 


. 6,989 


Washingfn 


18,952 


W oodbur j 


. 6,252 


Pottawat'e 


16,893 


Shelby.... 


. 2,540 


Union 


. 5,986 


Wayne... 


11,287 


Worth . . . 


. 2,892 


Poweshiek 


15,581 


Sioux 


. 676 


Van Buren. 17,672 


Webster.. 


10,484 


Wright . 


. .2,392 


Ringgold 


. 5,692 


Story .... 


.11,651 


Wapello . 


.22,346 


Winnebagc 


1.562 


Total. .1 


191,802 






KANSAS.— Area, 78,418 square miles. 






Allen 


. 7,023 


Crawford. 


. 8,160 


Jefferson.. 


.12,526 


Nemeha .. 


7,339 


Rush 




Anderson . 


. 5,220 


Davis 


. 3,993 


Jewell. . . . 


. 207 


Ness 


2 


Russell . . 


. 156 


Atchison. . 


.15.507 


Dickinson. 


. 3,043 


Johnson. . . 


.13,684 


Neosho 


10,206 


Saline 


. 4,246 


Barb'r (w 


Carley 


Doniphan. 


.13.969 


Kiowa 




Norton 




Sedgwick 


. 1,522 


Burton . . . 


2 


Douglas . . 


.20,604 


Labette. .. 


. 9,973 


Osage 


7,648 


Shawnee . 


.13,121 


Bourbon. . 


.15.076 


Ellis 


. 1,336 


Leavenw'rh32,444 


Osborne . . 


33 


Smith . . . 


66 


Brown , . . 


. C.824 


Ellsworth. 


. 1,185 


Lincoln 


. 516 


Ottawa. . . 


2,127 


Stafford . . 




Butler 


. 3,035 


Ford 




Linn 


.12,174 


Pawnee .. 


179 


Sumner . . 




Chase 


. 1,975 


Franklin.. 


.10,385 


Lyon 


. 8,024 


Phillips . . . 




Trego... 


. i<56 


Cherokee . 


.11,038 


Graham . . 




Marion . . . 


. 768 


Pottawat'e 


7,848 


V: baunsee 3,362 


Clarke . . . 




Greenwoo< 


. 3,484 


Marshall.. 


. 6,901 


Pratt 




W allace . . 


. 538 


Clay 


. 2,942 


Gove 




McPherson. 7J 


Reno 




Washingt 


n 4,081 


Cloud 


. 2,323 


Harp'r (w. 


Carley 


Miami . . 


.11,725 


Republic. 


. 1,281 


Wilson . . 


. 6,694 


Coffee 


. 6,201 


Hodgeman 




Mitchell . 


. 485 


Rice 


5 


Woodson 


. 3,857 


Comanche 




Howard . . 


. .2,794 


Montgom'y. 7,564 


Riley 


5,105 


Wyandot 


.10,019 


Carley et al 1,175 


Jackson. . . 


. 6.053 


Morris . . 


. 2,225 


Rorke.... 




Total... 


362,872 




KENTUCKY.- 


-A rea. 


37,680 square 


miles. 




Adair.... 


.11,005 


Clav 


. 8,297 


Harrison 


.12,993 


Madison . . 


19,543 


Pike 


. 9,562 


Allen 


.lU.-'.tf 


Clinton . . . 


. 6,497 


Hart.... 


.13,687 


Magoffin.. 


4,684 


Powell . . 


. 2,599 


Anderson . 


. 5,449 


Crittenden 


. 9,381 


Henderson. 18,457 


Marion. . . 


12.838 


Pulaski . 


.17,670 


Ballard. . . 


.12,576 


Cumberl'd 


7,690 


Henry 


.11,066 


Marshall . 


9,455 


Robertson 


.53,099 


Barren. . . 


.17,780 


Daviess. .. 


.20,714 


Hickman 


. 8,453 


Mason 


18.126 


Rock Castle 7,145 


Bath 


.10,145 


Edmondson 4,459 


Hopkins . 


.13,827 


McCracken 13,988 


Rowan . . 


. 2,991 


Boone 


.10,696 


Elliott 


. 4,433 


Jackson. . 


. 4,547 


McLean . . 


. 7,614 


Russell.. 


. 5.80? 


Bourbon. . 


.14,863 


Estill 


. 9,1D8 


Jefferson 


118,953 


Meade . . . 


9,485 


Scott 


.11.607 


Boyd 


. 8,573 


Fayette. . . 


.20,656 


Jessamine 


. 8,638 


Menifee . . 


. 1,986 


Shelby . . 


.15,733 


Boyle .... 


. 9,515 


Fleming . . 


.13,398 


John Bell 


. 3,731 


Mercer 


.13,144 


Simpson . 


. 9,573 


Bracken.. 


.11,409 


Floyd .... 


. 7,877 


Johnson . 


. 7,494 


Metcalf. . . 


. 7,934 


Spencer . 


. 5,956 


Breathitt . 


. 5,672 


Franklin. . 


.15,300 


Kenton.. 


.36,096 


Monroe. .. 


. 9,231 


Taylor . . 


. 8.226 


Breckin'ge 


.13,440 


Fulton . . . 


. 6,161 


Knox.... 


. . 8,294 


Montgom'y 


. 7,557 


Todd.... 


.12,612 


Bullit ... 


. 7,781 


Gallatin . . 


. 5,074 


La Rue. . 


. 8,235 


Morgan. . . 


5,975 


Trigg . . . 
Trimble . 


.13,686 


Butler . . . 


. 9,404 


Garrard . . 


.10,376 


Laurel . . 


. 6,016 


Muhlenb'g 


12,638 


. 5,577 


Caldwell.. 


.10,826 


Grant 


. 9,529 


Lawrence 


. 8,497 


Nelson . . . 


14,804 


Union . . . 


.13,640 


Calloway . 


. 9,400 


Graves . . . 


.19,308 


Lee 


. 3,055 


Nicholas.. 


. 9,129 


Warren . 


.21,742 


Campbell. 


.27,406 


Grayson . . 


.11,580 


Letcher. . 


...4,608 


Ohio 


.15,561 


Washing'n.12,464 


Carroll . . . 


. 6,189 


Greene 


. 9,379 


Lewis . . . 


. 9,115 


Oldham. . . 


. 9,027 


Wayne. . 


.10,602 


Carter . . . 


. 7,509 


Greenup.. 


.11,463 


Lincoln. . 


.10,947 


Owen 


.14,309 


Webster. 


.10,937 


Casey 


. 8,884 


Hancock.. 


. 6,591 


Livingston 


. 8,200 


Owsby... 


. 3,889 


Whiteley 


. 8,278 


Christian . 


.23,227 


Hardin . . . 


.15,705 


Logan... 


.20,429 


Pendleton 


14,030 


Wolfe... 


. 3,603 


Clark 


.10,882 


Harlan 


. 4,415 


Lyon 


. 6,233 


Perry 


. 4,274 


Woodford 


. 8,240 




Tc 

LOUISA 


tal 












,321,001 


lNA.- 


-Area, 41,255 


sauare 


miles 




Ascension. 


.11,577 


Carroll . . . 


.10,110 


Jackson . 


. 7,646 


Plaqueminel0,553 


S. Martin' 


s. 9,370 


Assumption 13,234 


Catahoula 


. 8,475 


Jafferson 


.17,767 


Pt. Coupee.12,981 


St. Mary' 


,.13,860 


Avoyelles . 


.12,926 


Claiborne. 


.20,240 


Lafayette 


.10,388 


Rapides . . 


.18,015 


St. Tamm 


y 5,586 


B.Roug. E 


.17,817 


Concordia 


. 9,977 


Lafourche 


.14,719 


Richland . 


. 5,110 


Tangipaho. 7.928 


B.Roug.W 


5,114 


De Soto . . 


.14,962 


Livingston 


. 4,026 


Sabine 


. 6,456 


Tensas . . 


.T2.421 


Bienville . 


.10,636 


Felici'na,E.13,499 


Madison.. 




S. Bernarc 


. 3,553 


Ter. Bonne. 12.451 


Bossier. . . 


.12,675 


Felici'na,W10,498 


Moorehouse 9,387 


St. Charles 


. 4,867 


Unions . . . 


.11,685 


Caddo... 


.21,714 


Franklin . 


. 5,078 


Natchitoch' 18,265 


St. Helena 


5,423 


Vermilion 


. 4.528 


Calcasieu. 


. 6,733 


Grant 


. 4,517 


Opelousas 




St. James. 


.10,153 


Washing'nu 3.330 


Caldwell.. 


. 4,820 


Iberia 


. 9,042 


Orleans . 


191,425 


S.J.theB'p 


Winn... 


. 4,955 


Cameron . 


. 1,591 


Iberville . . 


.12,347 


Ouachita 


.11,552 


S. Laund'y 


.24.646 


Total 


732,731 






MAINE.— Area, 31,766 square miles. 






Andronc'n 


.35,885 


Hancock. . 


.36,470 


Lincoln. . 


.25,597 


Piscataquis 


14,403 


Waldo.. 


.34.535 


Aroostook 


.29,609 


Kennebec. 


.53,205 


Oxford . . 


.33,488 


Sagadahoc 


18,803 


Washing'n. 43.343 


Cumberl'd. 82,020 


Knox 


.30,822 


Penobscot 


.74,691 


Somerset . 


.34,611 


York. . . . 


.60,174 


Franklin . 


.18,807 Tot 
MARYL 


d 












.626,463 


A.ND. 


—Area, 


11,124 


square 


miles. 


Alleghany 


.38,536 


Carroll . . . 


.28,619 


Harford . 


.22,605 


Pr. George.21,138 


Talbot... 


.16,137 


A. Arundel.24,457 


Cecil 


.25,874 


Howard . 


.14,150 


Qu'n Anne 


16,083 




3.34,712 


Baltimore.330,741 


Charles. . . 


.15,738 


Kent 


.17,102 


St. Mary's 


14,944 


Wicomico 


.15.802 


Calvert. . . 


. 9,865 


Dorchester. 19,458 


Montgom' 


Sr.20,563 


Somerset . 


.18,190 


Worcester. 16.419 


Caroline . . 


.12,101 Frederick .47,572 Tot 

MASSACHUSETTS.-Ar 


a! 








780,806 


ea, 7,800 square miies. 


Barnstable 32.' 




. 3,787 


Hampden 
Hampshir 


.78,409 
e. 44,388 


Nantucket 
Norfolk . . 


4,123 

.89,443 


Suffolk... 270,802 
Worcester 192.716 


Berkshire 


.64,827 




200,843 


Bristol . . 


102,88(5 


Frankiin . 


.32,635 


Middlesex 


.274,353 


Plymouth. 


.65,365 


Total.. 1 


,457,351 



110 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



MICHIGAN.— Area, 56,243 square miles. 

Alconx C?6 Crawford Kalamazoo.32,054 Menominee. 1,892 Ostego 

Allegan 32,105 Delta 2,441 Kalcosco . . 424 Michil'nac Ottawa 26,651 

Alpena 2,756 Eaton 25,171 Kent 50,403 Midland ... 3,285 Presq. Isle. .""" 

Antrim.... 1,985 Emmet 1,211 Keweenaw. 4,205 Missaukee. 130 Roscommon .. 

Barry 22,199 Genesee .. .33, ?00 Lake 548 Monroe 27,483 Saginaw. . .39, 

Bay 15,900 Gladwin Lapeer 21,345 Montcalm .13,629 St. Clair . .36,661 

Benzie 2,184 G'd Trave'e 4,443 Leelenaw. . 4,816 Montmor'y Sanilac 14,562 

Berrien ...35,104 Gratiot. .. "11,810 Lenawee . .45,596 Muskegon 14,894 Schoolcraft 

Branch 26,226 Hillsdale . .31,684 Livingston 19,336 Newaygo. . 7,2<?8 Shiawassee 20,858 

Calhoun .. .36,569 Houghton. 13,879 Mackinaw . 1,716 Nicosta St. Joseph .26,276 

Cass 21,094 Huron 9,049 Macomb .. .27,616 Oakland. . .40,867 Tuscola .. .13,714 

Charlevoix. 1,724 Ingham .. .25, 'i59 Manitou . . . 891 Oceana 7,222 Van Buren. 28,828 

Cheboygan. 2,1*16 Ionia 27,681 Manistee .. 6,074 Ogemaw... 12 Washtenaw41,434 

Chippewa.. 1,689 Iosco 3,163 Marquette. 15,033 Ontonagon. 2,845 Wayne. . .119,039 

Clare 366 Isabel 1 4,113 Mason. 3,273 Osceola 2,093 Wessford.. 650 

Clinton 22,845 Jackson ...36.047 Mecosta ... 5,642 Oscoda 70 Total . .1,184,296 

MI NESOTA.— Area, 95,274 square miles. 

Aitken 18 Cottonwood. 634 Kennebec. 93 Otter Tail Sibley 6,725 

Anoka 3,940 Crow Wing 200 Lake 135 Pembina.. 64 Stearns 14,206 

Becker 308 Dakota L. qui Pari. 145 Pierce Steele 8,271 

Bellraine.. 80 Dodge 8,598 Le Sueur. .11,607 Pine 648 Stevens 

Benton 1,558 Douglas etal 4579 McLeod .. .51,643 Pipe Stone Todd 

Big Stone.. 24 Faribault. . 9,390 Manomin Polk Toombs 

Blue Earth.17,302 Fillmore. . .24,887 Martin 13,867 Pope et al. . 2,878 Traverse.... 

Breckinr'e Freeborn . .10,683 Meeker 6,090 Ramsey .. .23,081 Wabashaw. 15,869 

Brown 6,369 Goodhue. . .22,618 Mille Lac. . 1,109 Redwood .. 1,829 Wadina . . . 6 

Buchanan Grant Monongalia 3,161 Renville Waseca ... 7.854 

" lton 286 Hennepin.. 3 1,566 Morrison .. 1,899 Rice 16. r 83 Washing'n 11.810 

ver 11,587 Houston .. .11,661 Mower 10,447 Rock ..2,138 Watonwan. 2,426 

is 1S4 Isanti Murray 209 St. Louis . .11.561 Wilkin 2" _ 

Chippewa.. 1.4:7 Itasca 178 Nicollet 8362 Scott 11,042 Winona . ..22,3 

Chisago ... 4,358 Jackson ... 1,825 Noble 117 Sherburne. 2,050 Wright. ... 9,457 

Clay 92 Kandiyohi . 1.760 Olmsted .. .19,793 Total 435,511 

MISSISSIPPI.— Area, 47,156 square miles. 

Adams 14,774 Covington . 4,753 Jefferson . .13,848 Monroe. .. .22,632 Smith 7,126 

Alcorn 10,431 De Soto Jones 3,313 Neshoba Sunflower. .. 

Amite Franklin .. 7,498 Kemper Newton ... 9,807 Tallahat'e . 7,1 

"ala : Greene.... 2,038 Lafayefte Noxubee . .20,905 Tippah ... .20,727 

ivar 9,732 Grenada. . .10,571 Lauderdale 13,462 Oktibbeha Tishemingo 

Calhoun . . .10,561 Hancock . . 4,239 Lawrence. . 6,720 Panola 12,412 Tunica 6,358 

Carroll 21,047 Harrison . . 5,795 Leake Perry 2,694 Warren . . .26,765 

Chickasaw. 19,899 Hinds 26.798 Lee 15,955 Pike 11,303 Washingn. 14,569 

Choctaw Holmes 19,370 Lincoln 10,184 Pontotoc Wayne 4,206 

Claiborne. .13,386 Issaquena. . 6,887 Lowndes . .30,502 Prentiss ... 9,347 Wilkinson 

Clark 7,505 Itawamba . 7,812 Madison .. .20,948 Rankin 12,977 Winston . .. 8,984 

Coahoma .. 7,144 Jackson ... 4,362 Marion. ... 4,211 Scott 7,848 Yalabusha. 13,264 

Copiah 20,608 Jasper 10,884 Marshall . .29,416 Simpson ... 5,718 Yazoo 

Total 627,117 

MISSOTJKI —Area, €7,380 square miles. 

Adafr 11,449 Clay 15,564 Iron 6,278 Montgom'y.10,405 St. Clair.. . 6,742 

Andrew ...15,137 Clinton ... .14,063 Jackson .. .55,041 Morgan ... 8,434 St. Francois 9,741 

Atchison... 8,440 Cole 10,292 Jasper 14,929 N. Madrid. 11, 339 Stc. Gen've 8,384 

Audrain . . .12,307 Cooper 20,692 Jefferson . .15,380 Newton . . .12,821 St. Louis .351,189 

Barry 10,373 Crawford. . 7,982 Johnson .. .24,649 Nodaway. .14,751 Saline 21,672 

Barton .... 5,087 Dade 8,683 Knox 10,974 Oregon .... 3,287 Schuyler . . 7,987 

Bates 15,960 Dallas ..... 8,383 Laclede ... 9,380 Osage 10,793 Scotland.. .10,676 

Benton 11,322 Daviess. .. .14,410 Lafayette. .22,623 Ozark 3,363 Scott 7,317 

Bollinger .. 8,162 De K alb. .. 9,858 Lawrence. . 13,067 Pemiscot .. 2,059 Shannon. .. 2,339 

Boone 20,765 Dent 6,357 Lewis 15,114 Perry 9,877 Shelby 10,119 

Buchanan .30,350 Douglas ... 3,915 Lincoln 14,073 Pettis 18,706 Stoddard . . 8,535 

Butler 4,298 Dunklin ... 5,982 Linn 15,900 Phelps .... 10,506 Stone 3,253 

Caldwell ..11,390 Franklin . .30,098 Livingston . 16,041 Pike 23,076 Sullivan .. .11,908 

Callaway .19,202 Gasconade . 10,093 Macon .. .23,230 Platte 17,330 Taney 4,407 

Camden ... 6,108 Gentry ... .11,607 Madison. .. 5,849 Polk 12,445 Texas 9,618 

C. Girard'ul7,558 Green 21,549 Maries .... 5,915 Pulaski.. 4,714 Vernon. .. .11,246 

Carroll . . . .17,445 Grundy . . .10,567 Marion . . .22,604 Putnam . . .11,217 Warren . . . 9,673 

Cass 19,296 Harrison . .14,635 McDonald . 6,226 Ral'n 10,510 Washing'n. 11,719 

Carter .... 1,455 Henry 17,401 Mercer. .. .11,557 Randolph. .15,908 Wayne. ... 6,068 

Cedar 9,474 Hickory . . . 6,452 Miller 6,616 Ray 18,700 Webster. . .10,434 

Chariton . .19,135 Holt 11,652 Mississippi Reynolds . . 3,756 Worth .... 6,004 

Christian .. 6.707 Howard ... 17,233 Moniteau .. 11,335 Ripley .... 3,175 Wright. ... 5,684 

Clark 13,667 Howell 4,218 Monroe 17.149 St. Charles. 21 ,304 Total. . 1,711,796 

NEBRASKA.— Area, 75,995 square miles. 

Adams 19 BlkBird.. 31 Buffalo 193 Burt 2,847 Butler 1,256 







CENSUS 


OF 


THE 


UNITED STATES. 




111 


Calhoun.. 




Ft. Randall 


Kearney . 


58 


Pierce 


. 103 


Wayne . . 


9 


Cass 


. 8,151 


Franklin . 


26 


Lancaster 


. 7,074 


Platte 


. 1,899 


Webster. 


16 


Cedar.... 


. 1,032 


Gage 


473 


L'E.q.Cou't 261 


Polk 


. 136 


York.... 


. 604 


Cheyenne. 


. 190 


Grant 


. 484 


Lincoln. . . 


17 


Richardson. 9,780 


Pawnee I. R. 44 


Clay 


54 


Green 




Lyon 


78 


Saline 


3,106 


Winnebago 34 


Colfax . . . 


. 1,424 


Hall 


. 1,057 


Madison . 


. 1,133 


Sarpy 


. 2,913 


Terrify [ 




Cuming .. 


.12,345 


Hamilton . 


. 130 


Merrick . 


. 557 


Saunders . 


. 4,547 


organized 


Dakota. . . 


. 2,040 


Harrison . 


. 631 


Monroe. .. 


. 235 


Seward. . . 


. 2,993 


into coun- 


Dawson . . 


. 103 


Jackson... 


9 


Nemaha.. 


. 7,593 


Shorter . . 




ties) in 


he 


Dixon .... 


. 1,345 


Jefferson. . 


. 2,446 


Nucolls . 


8 


Stanton . . 


. 1,637 


N.W. por- 


Dodge .... 


. 4,212 


Johnson . . 


. 3,429 


Otoe 


.12,345 


Taylor . . . 


. 197 


tion of the 


Douglas . . 


.19,982 


Jones 




Pawnee . 


. 2,637 


Washingt' 


n 4,452 


State. . 


2 


-Fillmore.. 


. 238 






















NEVADA.— Area, 112,0' square miles. 






Carson. . . 




Esmeralda 


. 1,553 


Lyon . . . 


. 1,837 


PahUte.. 


. 762 


St. Mary' 




Churchill. 


. 196 


Humboldt 


. 1,916 


Nye 


. 1,087 


Roop 


. 133 


Washoe . 


. 3,09i 


Douglas . . 


. 1,215 


Lander 


. 2,815 


Ormsby .. 


. 3,668 


Storey . . . 


.11,359 


White Pine 7,189- 


Elko 


. 3,447 


Lincoln 


. 2,223 


Total 








. 42,491 




JN iu w-ham± , s±11KJjJ.— Area, 9,280 square miles. 




Belknap. . 


.17,681 


Cheshire.. 


.27,265 


Grafton . 


.39,103 


Merrimack. 42, 151 


Strafford 


.30,242 


Carroll... 


.17,332 


•Coos 


.14,932 


Hillsboro 


.64,238 


Rockingh' 


n47,298 


Sullivan. 


.18,058) 






Total 












318,300 




NEW-JERSEY Area 


, 3,320 square miles. 




Atlanfic . . 


.14,093 


Cumberl'd. 34,665 


Hunterdon. 36,963 


Morris . . 


.43,137 


Somerset 


.23,510 


Bergen... 


.30,142 


Essex 


143,845 


Mercer 


.46,386 


Ocean .. . 


.13,630 


Sussex. . 


.23,168 


Turlington 


.53,638 


Gloucester 21,562 


Middlesex 




Passaic. . 


.46,416 


Union . . . 


..41,865 


Camden . . 


.46,038 


Hudson . . 


129,068 


Monmouth. 46,196 


Salem . . . 


.23,940 


Warren . 


. .34,348 


Cape May 


. 8,349 Tot? 
NEW-Y 


l 












905,794 


3RK. 


-Area, 


47,000 square 


miles. 


Albany . . . 


133,052 


Dutchess . 


.74,404 


Livingston 


.38,310 


Otsego . . 


.48,969 


Steuben . 


.67,717 


Allegany . 


.40,814 


Erie 


178,695 


Madison 


43,522 


Putnam . 


. 15,420 


Suffolk . . 


.46,960 


Broome . . 


.44,107 


Essex 


.29,042 


Monroe. . 


117,867 


Queens . . 


.73,804 


Sullivan . 


.34,546 


Cataraugu 


s 43,909 


Franklin . 


.30,271 


Montgom' 


v.34,457 


Rensselaer. 95,550 


Tioga . . . 


. .30,573 


Cavuga . . 


.59,549 


Fulton . . . 


.27,064 


New York'922,531 


Richmond 


.33,029 


Tompkins 


.33,180 


Chatauqua 


.59,328 


Genesee . . 


.31,608 


Niagara . 


.50,430 


Rockland 


.25,213 


Ulster . . . 


.84,075 


Chemung. 


.35,281 


Greene . . 


.31,832 


Oneida . . 


110,009 


S.Lawrence84,825 


Warren . 


.22,591 


Chenango. 


.40,583 


Hamilton . 


. 2,960 


Onon daga. 104, 144 


Saratoga 


.51,529 


Washingt 


n49,570 


Clinton . . . 


.48,028 


Herkimer 


.39,932 


Ontario. . 


.45,108 


Schenecta 


y21,347 


Wayne. . 


.47,711 


Columbia. 


.47,044 


Jefferson . 


.65,415 


Orange. . 


.80,901 


Schoharie. 


.33,340 


Westche'r 


132,228 


: Cortland.. 


.25,174 


Kings . . . 


419,926 


Orleans . 


.27,689 


Schuyler . 


.18,889 


Wyoming 


.29,162 


iDelaware. 


.42,973 Lewis 

T( 

2TORTH-CA 


.28,700 


Oswego. . 


.77,942 


Seneca . . . 


.27,826 


Yates ... 
4 


.19,595 
,364,411 


ROLINA.— Area, 50,704 square 


miles. 


! Alamance. 


.11,874 


Chowan . . 


. 6,450 


Guilford . 


.21,736 


Mecklen'g 


.24,299 


Rowan . . 


.16,811 


i Alexander 


. 6,868 


Clay.... 


. 2,463 


Halifax . 


.20,407 


Mitchell . . 


. 4,705 


Rutherford.13,121 


' Alleghany 


. 3,697 


Cleveland. 


.12,696 


Harnett . 


. 8,895 


Montgom'y. 7,487 


Sampson 


.16,436 


,' Anson 


.12,428 


Columbus 


. 8,474 


Haywood 


. 7,921 


Moore 


.12,040 


Stanly... 


. 8,315 


• Ashe 


. 9,573 


Craven... 


.20,516 


Henderson 


. 7,706 


Nash 


.11,077 


Stokes . . 


.11,208 


Beaufort . 


.13,054 


Cumberl'c 


.17,035 


Hertford . 


. 9,273 


N.Hanove 


.27,978 


Surry . . . 


.11,252 


Bertie... 


.12,950 


Currituck 


. 6,131 


Hyde ... 


. 6,445 


Northam'n 


.14,749 


Transylv', 


i. 3,536 


Bladen . . . 


.12,831 


Dane 


. 2,728 


Iredell . . 


.16,931 


Onslow . . 


. 7,569 


Tyrrel . . 


. 4,173 


Brunswick 


. 7,754 


Davidson . 


.17,256 


Jackson. . 


. 6,683 


Orange. . . 


.17,507 


Union . . . 


.12,218 


Buncombe 


.15,412 


Davie 


. 9,620 


Johnson . 


.14,158 


Pasquotank 8,131 


Wake... 


.35,617 


Burke 


. .9,777 


Duplin . .. 


.15,542 


Jones 


. 5,002 


Perquim's 


. 7,945 


Warren . 


.17,768 


Cabarras . 


.11,954 


Edgecombe 22,970 


Lenoir 


.10,434 


Person 


.11,170 


Waihing'n. 6,516 


Caldwell.. 


. 8,476 


Forsyth .. 


.13,050 


Lillington. 




Pitt 


.17,276 


Watauga. 


. 5,287 


Camden . . 


. 5,361 


Franklin . 


.14,134 


Lincoln. . . 


. 9,573 


Polk 


. 4,319 


Wayne. . 


.18,144 


Carteret. . 


. 9,510 


Gaston 


.12,602 


Macon 


. 6,615 


Randolph . 


.17,555 


Wilkes . . 


.15,539 


Caswell .. 


.16,081 


Gates 


. 7,724 


Madison .. 


. 8,192 


Richmond 


. 12,882 


Wilson . . 


.12,258 


Catawba . 


.10,984 


Granville . 


.24,831 


Martin . . 


. 9,647 


Robeson : . 


.13,251 


Yadkin. . 


.10,697 


Chatham . 


.19,723 


Greene. . . 


. 8,687 


McDowell 


. 7,592 


Rockingh'ml5,710 


Yancey. . 


. 5,909 


Cherokee . 


. 8,080 


Tot 

OHK 


il 












065,505 


D.-Area, 39,964 square miles. 




Adams . . 


.20,750 


Clermont 


.34,296 


Franklin 


.63,019 


Hocking.. 


.17,925 


Madison . 


.15,633 


Allen 


.23,623 




.21,915 
138,299 




.17,789 
.25,545 




.18,178 
.28,532 


Mahoning 
Marion. . 


.31,001 


Ashland . . 


.21,933 


Columbi'n 


Gallia ... 


Huron.. . 


.16,184 


Ashtabula 


.32,518 


Coshocton 


.23,600 


Geauga . 


.13,069 


Jackson .. 


.21,759 


Medina. . 


.20,092 


Athens . . 


.21,872 


Crawford 


.25,556 


Greene . . 


.28,052 


Jefferson . 


.29,188 


Meigs . . . 


.31,465 


Auglaize 


.20,040 


Cuyahoga 


132,012 


Guernsey 


.23,798 


Knox 


.26,333 


Mercer. . 


.17,254 


Belmont . 


.39,715 


Darke... 


.32,131 


Hamilton 


260,370 


Lake 


.15,935 


Miami . . 


.32,740 


Brown . . 


.30,802 


Defiance. 


.15,719 


Hancock . 


.23,847 


Lawrence 


.31,380 


Monroe. . 


.25,780 


Butler . . 


.39,912 


Delaware 


.25,175 


Hardin. . 


.18,714 


Licking .. 


.36,122 


Montgom' 


y. 63,897 


Carroll . . 


.14,491 


Erie 


.28,188 


Harrison 


.18,682 


Logan 


.23,028 


Morgan. . 


.20,363 


Champaign 24,188 


Fairfield. 


.31,139 


Henry . . 


.14,028 


Loraine .. 


.30,308 


Morrow . 


.18,583 


Clark.... 


.32,070 


Fayette . 


.17,170 


Highland 


.29,103 


Lucas 


.46,783 


Muskingum44,887 



112 




CENSUS OF 


THE 


UNITED STATES. 






Noble .... 


.19,949 


Portage .. 


.24,577 


Scioto 


.29,302 


Tuscaraw' 


33,840 


Washing"! 


.40,609 


Ottawa 


.13,255 


Preble . . . 


.21,809 


Seneca . . . 


.30,828 


Union 


.18,730 


Wayne . . . 


.35,082 


Paulding . 


. 8,544 


Putnam . . 


.17,083 


Shelby.... 


.20,748 


Van Wert 


.15,824 


AVilliams . 


.20,991 


Perry 


.18,453 


Richland . 


.32,516 


Stark 


.52,508 


Vinton 


.15,027 


Wood 


.24,596 


Pickaway 


,24,875 


Ross 


.37,097 


Summit .. 


.34,674 


Warren . . 


.26,690 


Wyandotte. 18,554 


Pike 


.15,441 


Sandusky 


.25,504 


Trumbull. 


.38,659 


Total 


2,662,214 






OREGON— Ares 102,6 


square 


miles 






Baker.... 


. 2,804 


Columbia. 


. 863 


Josephine. 


. 1,204 


Polk 


. 4,700 


Union . . . 


. 2,552 


Benton 


. 4,584 


Curry.. . . 


. 504 


Lane 


. 6,426 


Tillamook 


. 408 


Wasco . . 


. 2,509 


Coos 


. 1,644 


Douglas .. 


. 6,066 


Linn 


. 8,717 


Umpqua . 




Washing'r 


. 4,261 


Clackamas 


. 5,993 


Grant 


. 2,251 


Marion 


. 9,966 


Umatilla . 


. 2,916 


Yam Hill 


. 5,012 


Clatsop. . . 


. 1,254 


Jackson . . 


. 4,778 


Multnomah 11,510 


Total 




.90,922 




PENNSYLVANIA.— Area, 46,000 square miles 




Adams . . . 


.30,315 


Chester... 


.77,806 


Franklin . 


r ■ 


McKean.. 


. 8,825 


Snyder . 


.15,607 


Allegheny.262,373 


Clarion. . . 


.26,960 


Fulton . . . 


. 9,360 


Mercer. .. 


.49,979 


Somerset 


.28,228 


Armstrong. 43,382 


Clearfield. 


.25,740 


Greene . . . 


.25,887 


Mifflin . . . 


.17,508 


Sullivan . 


. 6,191 


Beaver. .. 


.36,150 


Clinton. .. 


.23,211 


Huntington 30,995 


Monroe. . . 


.18,362 


Susqueh'na 37,524 


Bedford . . 


.29,635 


Columbia. 


.28,766 


Indiana .. 


.36,139 


Montgom'j 


.8!, 772 


Tioga ... 


.35,100 


Berks . . . 


106,739 


Crawford. 


.63,794 


Jefferson . 


.21,656 


Montour.. 


.15,324 


Union . . . 


.15,565 


Blair 


.38,051 


Cumberl'd. 43,912 


Juniata. .. 


.17,390 


Northam'n 


.61,433 


Venango . 


.47,935 


Bradford . 


.53,204 


Dauphin.. 


.60,736 


Lancaster. 121,340 


Northum'd.41,449 


Warren . 


.23,857 


Bucks.. . . 


.64,345 


Delaware. 


.39,403 


Lawrence 


.27,298 


Perry .... 


.25,486 


Washing'n. 48,483 


Butler ... 


.36,510 


Elk 


. 8,488 


Lebanon . . 


.34,096 


Philadel'a. 


574,022 


Wayne . . 


33,lf8 


Cambria.. 


.36,569 


Erie 


.65,972 


Lehigh . . 


.56,798 


Pike 


. 8,436 


Westmor'd. 58,720 


Cameron . 


. 4,273 


Fayette . . 


.43,284 


Luzerne . 


160,737 


Potter 


.11,265 


Wyoming 


.14,585 


Carbon. . . 


.28,144 


Forest 


. 4,010 


Lycoming 


.47,629 


Schuylkill. 


109,869 


York.... 


.76,216 


Centre 


.34,404 


Total 










3 


499,248 




RHODE ISLAND.— Area, 1,306 square n iles. 




Bristol . . . 


. 9,421 


Kent 


.1S,595 


Newport . 


.20,050 


Providen'e 


49,193 


Washing'n 


.20,097 






Total : . . 












217,356 




SOUTH-CAROLINA.— Area, 29,385 square miles. 


Abbevilb . 


.31,129 


Clarendon 




Greenville 


.20,015 


Marion. .. 




Richland 


.13,727 


Anderson . 


.21,049 


Colleton . . 


.34,014 


Horry . . . 


.10,721 


Marlboro . 


.11,814 


Spartanb' 


-.25,784 


Barnwell . 


.36,844 


Columbia. 


. 9,298 


Kershaw . 


.11,754 


Newberry 


.17,!-:83 


Sumter. . 


.25,268 


Beaufort . 


.40,511 


Darlington 


.22,391 


Lancaster 


. 12,087 


Oconee . . . 


.10,536 


Union . . . 


.19,248 


Charleston 




Edgefield . 


.42,486 


Laurens . . 


.22,536 


Orangeb'g 




Williams' 


j. 15,489 


Chester .. 


.18,805 


Fairfield . 




Lexington 




Pickens.. . 


.10,263 


York. . . . 


.12,448 


Chesterfi'd 




Georeetow 


nl6,16l 
















TENNE 


- A rea, 


45,600 squar 


* miles. 




Anderson . 


. 8,704 


De Kalb. 


.11,425 


Hendersor 


.14,219 


Marion . . 


. 6.8M> 


Sequatchie. 2,335 


Bedford . . 


.24,334 


Dickson . . 


. 9,940 


Henry... 


.20,382 


Marshall.. 


16,207 


Sevier... 


.11,028 


Benton . . 


. 8,234 


Dyer 


.13,706 


Hickman . 


. 9,856 


Maury . . . 


.36,286 


Shelby . . 


.76,378 


Bbd;oe. . 


. 4,870 


Fayette .. 


.26,865 


Humphrey 


. 9,326 


Meigs .... 


. 4,511 


Smith . . . 


.15,994 


Blount... 


.14,237 


Fentress.. 


. 4,717 


Jackson . . 


.12,586 


Monroe. . . 


.12.589 


Stewart . 


.12,019 


Bradley . . 


.11,652 


Franklin . 


.14,970 


Jefferson 


.19,476 


Montgom'y.24,708 


Sullivan . 


.13,136 


Campbell. 


. 7,445 


Gibson . . 


.25,673 


Johnson . 


. 5,852 


Morgan . . 


. 2,969 


Sumner . 


.23,711 


Cannon. . . 


.10,502 


Giles.... 


.32,413 


Knox . . . 


.28,994 


Obion.... 


.15,608 


Tipton . . 


.14,884 


Carroll . . 


.19,447 


Grainier 


.12.461 


Lake 


. 2,428 


Overton . . 


.10.989 


Union . . . 


. 7,605 


Carter 


. 7,909 


Greene . . 


.21,668 


Lauderdale 10,838 


Perry .... 


. 6,926 


Van Bure 


l. 2,725 


Cheatham 


. 6,678 


Grundy .. 


. 3,251 


Lawrence 


. 7,600 


Polk 


. 7,369 


Warren . 


.12,715 


Claiborne 


. 9,321 


Hamilion . 


.17,341 


Lewis . . . 


. 1,986 


Putnam . . 


. 8,6^8 


Washing'n. 16,318 


Cocke 


.12.458 


Hancock. 


. 7,148 


Lincoln. . 


.28,051 


Rhea 


. 4,851 


Wayne. . 


.10,209 


Coffee . . . 


.10,237 


Hardeman 


. 17,769 


McMinn . 


.13,969 


Roane . . . 


.15,623 


Weakly . 


.20,755 


Cumberl'c 


. 3,461 


Hardin.. 


.11,770 


McNairy 


.12,726 


Robertson 


.16,166 


White. . . 


. 9,228 


Davidson 


.62,898 


Hawkins 


.15,848 


Macon . . 


. 6,633 


Rutherford.33,289 


Williams, 


125,352 


Decatur . 


. 7,776 


Haywood 


.25,095 


Madison. 


.23,550 


Scott 


. 4,054 


Wilson . . 


.25,884 
















1.257.! 






TEXAS.— Area, 2j7,504 square miles. 






Anderson. 




Brown... 




Concho. .. 




Fannin. . . 




Haskell . . 




Angeline . 




Buchanan 




Cook 




Fayette . . 




Hays. . . . 


. 4,088 






Burleson . 




Coryell. . . 




Fort Bend 


. 7,114 


1 f, ■,!,!< rsui 








Burnett.. 




Dallas... 




Freestone 




Hidalgo . 


. 2,387 




.15,087 
. 649 


Caldwell 




Davis 




Frio 




Hill 


. . 7,453 


Bandera. 


Calhoun.. 




Dawson . 




Galveston 


.15,290 


Hood. . . . 




Bastrop . . 




Cameron 


.10,999 


Denton.. 




Gillespie . 




Hopkins. 




Bayler . . 




Cass .... 




De Witt. 


. 6,443 


Goliad . . . 


. 3,628 


Houston. 




Bee 




Chambers 


. 1,503 


Dimmitt . 


. 866 


Gonzales . 




Hunt . . . 




Bell 


. 1,082 


Cherokee. 




Duval... 




Grayson 




Jack 


. 694 


Bexar . . . 




Clay .... 




Easlland 




Grimes... 




Jackson . 


. 2,278 


Be xar Dis 




Coleman . 




Edwards 




Guadalupe 


Jasper . . 


.. 4,218 






Callahan . 




Ellis .... 


.. 7,514 


Hamilton . 




Jefferson 


. 1,906 










El Paso 




Hardemai 
Hardin. . 


. 1,460 


Johnson . 
Jones . . 




Bosque . . 




Colorado 


. 8,326 


Ensinal . 




Brazoria 


. 7,5.3 


Comal 


. 5,283 


Erath... 




Harris . . 


.17,375 


Karnes . 




Brazos... 




Comanche 




Falls. . . . 




Harrison. 




Kan' T\n 









CENSUS 


OF 


THE UNITED STATES. 




113 


Kendall . . 


. 1,536 


Mason 




Orange. . . 


1,255 


Shackleford 





Victoria. . 




Kerr 


1,042 


Matagorda 




Palo Pinto. 




Shelby.... 




Walker. . . 


. 9,776 


.Kimball . . 


72 


Maverick. 




Panola 




Smith 




Washing'n 








McCulloch. 




Parker.... 




Starr 




Webb . . . 




Knox 




McLennan 




Polk 


8,707 


Stevens . . . 




Wharton . 


. 3,426 


Xampasa3 


. 1,344 


McMullen 
Medina... 


230 

2,078 


Red River.' 




Tarrant . . 
Taylor 


5,788 


Wichita . . 




Wilbarger 




Xiasalle . . . 


69 


Menora... 


. 667 


Refugio . . 


2,324 


Throckm'n 




Williamsoi 




Xavacca 


. 9,168 


Milan..... 




Robertson . 




Titus 




Wilson . . . 




Xeon 






890 






Travis 




Wise 


. 1,450 


Xibcrty . . 


. 4,413 


Montmor'y 


6,483 


Rusk 




Trinity ... 




Wood.... 




Ximesrone 




Nacogdoc'. 





Sabine .... 




Tyler ... 


5,010 


Young. .. 




Xive Oak . 


. 852 


Navarro.. 


. 8,879 


S. August'e 


Upshur 




Y*g Ter'y 




Llano . 


. 1,379 


Newton .. 


. 2,187 


S. Patricio 


602 


Uvalde 




Zapata . .. 


. 1,488 


Madison . 




Nueces. . . 


4,193 


San Saba. . 




VanZandt 




Zavalla .. 




Blarion — 






















VE1 


Area, 10,212 


square miles. 






Addison . . 


.23,484 


Chittenden 


36,480 


Grand Isle 


4,082 


Orleans . . 


21,035 


Windham 




Benningtoi 


121,325 


Essex 




Lamoille.. 


12,448 


Rutland... 




Windsor . 




Caledonia 




Franklin . 




Orange. . . 




Washingt'n 










VIE 


Bquar j miles. 






Accomack 


.20,409 


Craig .... 


. 2,042 


Highland 


4,151 


Nelson ... 


13,808 


Roanoke.. 


. 9,350 


Albemarle 


.27,544 


Culpeper . 


12,227 


Isle of Wig 


1 8,320 


New Kent 


4,381 


Rockbridge 


16,058 


Alexandria 


.16,755 


Cumberl'd 


. 8,142 


Jackson . . 




Nicholas . . 




Russell . . . 


.11,103 


Alleghany 


. 3,674 


Dinwiddie 


30,702 


James City 


4,425 


Norfolk . . 


46,702 


Scott 


. 9,927 


Amelia . . . 


. 9,878 


Doddridge 




Jefferson. . 




Northam'n 


8,046 


Shenandoahl4,936 


S Amherst . . 


.14,900 


Elizab'hCy 8,3 


Kanawha 




Northum'd 


6,863 


Smyth . . . 


. 8,898 


Appomatto 


x 8,950 


Essex 


. 9,927 


K'g George 




Nottoway. 


9,291 


Southam'n 


12,285 


Augusta.. 


.28,763 


Fairfax . . 


.12,952 


K'g & G'n 


. 9,709 


Ohio 




Spotsylva'n 


11,728 


Barbour . 




Fauquier . 


.19,690 


K'g Will-ir 


7,398 


Orange 


10,396 


Stafford .. 


. 6,420 


Bath 


. 3,795 


Fayette .. 




Lancaster 


5,355 


Page 


8,462 


Sussex 


. 7,885 


Bedford . . 


.25,327 


Floyd.... 


. 9,824 


Lee 


.13,268 


Patrick... 


10,161 


Surry 


. 6,585 


Berkeley. 




Fluvanna. 


. 8,975 


Lewis 




Pendleton 




Taylor . . . 




Boone.... 




Franklin . 


.18,264 


Logan 




Pittsylva'a 


31,343 


Tazewell . 


.10,791 


Bland 


. 4,000 


Frederick 


.16,596 




(i " 'i 


Pleasants. . 




Tucker. . . 




Botetourt. 


.11,329 


Gilmer 




Louisa 


"!■,, "• 'M 


Pocahontas 




Tyler .... 




Braxton . 




Gibs 


6,659 


Lunenberg 


.10,403 


Powhatan 


7,667 


Upshur . . 




Brooke. . . 
Brunswick 


.13,427 


Gloucester 
Goochland 


10,211 
.10,313 


Madison . . 




Preston. .. 
Pr. Edw'd 


12,004 


Warwick. 
Warren . . 


. 1,672 
. 5,716 


Marshall . 




Buchanan 


. 3,777 


Grayson 


. 9,587 


Marion. .. 




Pr. George 




Washingt'n 16,816 


Bucking'm 


.13,371 


Greenbrier 




Mason . . . 




Pr. Will'm 


7,504 


Wayne. . . 




Cabell.... 




Grecnvilb 


. 6,362 


Matthews. 


. 6,200 


Pr. Anne . 


8,273 


Webster . 




Calhoun.. 




Greene 


. 4,634 


McDowell 


1,300 


Pulaski . . 


6,538 


Westmor'c 


. 7,682 


Campbell. 


.28,384 


Halifax . . 




Mecklenb'g 


£1,318 


Putnam. .. 




Wetzel. . . 




Caroline. . 


.15,128 


Hampshire 




Mercer. . . 




Raleigh . . . 




Wood.... 




Carroll . . . 


. 9,147 


Hancock.. 




Middlesex 


4,081 


Randolph. 




Wirt .... 




Clay 




Hardy . . . 




Montgom'y 


.12,553 


Rappaha'k 


8,261 


Wise 


. 4,785 


Charles C 


y 4,975 


Hanover. . 


.16,455 


Monongalia 


Richmond 


6,503 


Wyoming 




Charlotte . 


.14,513 


Harrison . 




Monroe. . . 




Rockingh'm23,668 


Wythe . . . 


.11,611 


Chesterfield 18,470 


Henrico . . 


.66,179 


Morgan . . 




Ritchie. . . 




York 


. 7,198 


Clarke.... 


. f»,670 


Henrv 


.12,303 


Nansemcnd 11,576 


Roane 




Total.. 1,224,830 




WEST-VIRGINIA.- Area 


, 23.000 square miles. 




Barbour.. 


.12,958 


Grant 


. 4,468 


Logan 


. 5,124 


Ohio 


.28,831 


Tavlor . . . 


. 9,367 


Berkeley . 


.14,900 


Greenbrier.15,211 


McDowell 


. 1,952 


Pendleton 


6,455 


Tucker... 


. 1,907 


Boone 


. .4,503 


Hampshire 


. 7,643 


Marion. . . 


12,107 


Pleasants . 


3,012 


Tyler.... 


. 7,832 


Braxton. . 


. 6,841 


Hancock.. 


. 4,363 


Marshall . 


14,941 


Pocahontas 


4 070 


Upshur... 


. 8,023 


Brooke . 


. 5,464 


Hardy.... 


. 5,518 


Mason 


15,978 


Preston . . 


14,554 


Wayne... 


. 7,852 


Cabell... 


. 6,429 


Harrison . 


.17,599 


Mercer... 


. 7,064 


Putnam . . 


7,794 


Webster . . 


. 1,730 


Calhoun . 


. 2,939 


Jackson . . 


.10,300 


Mineral . . 


. 6,349 


Raleigh .. 


3,673 


Wetzel . . . 


. 8,595 


Clay .... 


. 2,196 


Jefferson . 


.13,220 


Monongalia 13,547 


Randolph . 


5,563 


Wirt 


. 4,505 


Doddridge 


. 7,076 


Kanawha. 


.22,350 


Monroe . . . 


11,124 


Ritchie 


9,055 


Wood .... 


.19,000 


Fayette. . 


. 6,647 


Lewis 


.10,176 


Morgan . . 


4,315 


Roane 


7,232 


Wyoming. 


. 3,171 


Gilmore . 


. 4,338 


Lincoln. . . 


. 5.053 


Nicholas. . 


. 4,458 


Total 




145,616 




WISCONSIN.- 


-Area, 53,924 


square 


miles. 




Adams . . 


. 6,601 


Columbia. 


.28,813 


Green .... 


23,611 


Manitowoc. 33,364 


Portage . . 


.10,636 


Ashland . . 


. 221 


Crawford. 


.13,076 


Green Lakel3,195 


Marathon. 


5,883 


Racine . . . 


.25,740 


Bad Ax . . 




Dallas ... 




Iowa 


.24,544 


Marquette 


8,056 


Richland . 


.15,732 


Barron. .. 


. 538 


Dane 


.53,096 


Jackson . . 


. 7,696 


Milwaukee.89,941 


Rock 


. 39,034 


Bayfield . . 


. 344 


Dodge 


.47,039 


Jefferson . 


34,042 


Monroe... 


16,551 


St. Croix . 


.11,035 


Brown . .. 


.25,166 


Door 


. 4,922 


Juneau. .. 


12,372 


Oconto . . . 


8,321 


Sauk 


.23,860 


Buffalo... 


.11,123 


Douglas.. 


. 1,122 


Kenosha.. 


13,147 


Outagamie 


18,430 


Shawanaw 


. 3,166 


Burnett . . 


. 706 


Dunn .... 


. 9,489 


Kewaunee 


10,128 


Ozaukee. . 


15,568 


Sheboygan 


.31,749 


Calumet.. 


.12,334 


Eau Claire 


.10,770 


La Crosse. 


20,298 


Pepin 


. 4,661 


Trempeleaul0,733 


Chippewa 


. 8,345 


Fondd'Lac46,272 


La Fayette 


22,659 


Pierce.... 


9,959 


Vernon... 


.18,645 


Clark . . . 


. 3,450 


Grant 


.37,978 


LaPointe 




Polk 


3,422 


Walworth 


.25,971 



114 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Washing'n. 24,320 Waupacca. 15,540 Waushara .11,279 Winnebago 37,280 Wood 3,912 

Waukesha. 28,282 Total • 1,055,167 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.— Area, 60 square miles. 

Gjorgetownll,385 Washin'n. 109,204 Bal. Dist . .11,117 Total 131,706 



TERRITORIES. 



ARIZONA.— Area, 113,916 square miles. 

Mohave ... 179 Pima 5,716 Yavapai . . . 2,142 Yuma 1,621 Total 9,658 

COLORADO.- Area, 104,500 square miles. 

Arapahoe.. G.829 Costilla 1,779 Gilpin ...5,490 Lake 522 Puebla 2,265 

"1 nt 592 Douglas ... 1,388 Greenwood. 510 Larimer... 838 Sagnache. . f" 

ljulder ... 1,939 El Paso... 987 Huerfano. . 2,250 Las Animas 4,276 Summit... ! 

Ibar Creek 1,59G Fremont. .. 1,064 Jefferson .. 2,390 Park 447 Weld 1,. 

Conejos 2,504 Total 39,706 

DAKOTA.— Area, 50,932 square miles. 

Bon Homme 608 Clay 2,621 Lincoln 712 Todd 337 Unorganized 

Brookings. 163 Deuel 37 Minnehaha. 355 Union 3,507 portion of 

Buffab 246 Hutchinson. 37 Pembina .. 1,213 Yankton. .. 2,097 Terrify . 2,091 

Chas.Mix. 152 Jayne 5 Total 14,181 

IDAHO.— Area 86,294 square miles. 

i 2,675 Boise...... 3,833 Lemhi 988 Oneida 1,922 Shoshone.. 

Alturas 689 Idaho 849 Nez Perces 1,607 Owyhee ... 1,713 Total 14,998 

MONTANA.— Area, 143,776 square miles. 

Beaver H'd 722 Dawson... 177 Gallatin ... 1,579 Lewis &Cl'k5,041 Meagher .. 1,387 
"Horn.. 38 Deer Lodge 4,364 Jefferson .. 1,531 Madison. .. 2,684 Missoula ... 2,554 
.uteau. . 517 Total 20,594 

NEW-MEXICO.— Area, 121,201 square miles. 

zona Dona Ana. . 6,864 Mora 8,056 Santa Fe . . 9,699 Taos 12,079 

nalillo.. 7,569 Grant 1,143 Rio Arriba. 9,294 San Miguel 16,058 Valencia. .. 9,093 

Colfax 1,992 Lincoln 1,740 Santa Ana. 2,599 Socorro 6,603 Total 91,789 

UTAH.— Area, 84,476 square miles. 

B 3 aver 2,007 G'tS'tLakel8,337 Millard 2,753 Sampeto. .. 6,786 Utah 12,2 

Box Elder. 4,812 Green Riv'r Morgan ... 1,972 Shambip Wasatch .. 1,244 

Cache 8,272 Iron 2,359 Piute Senir 19 Washing'n. 3,r" 

lar Juab 2,035 Rich 1,955 Summit ... 2,512 Weber .... 7,1 

Davis 4.459 Kane 1.513 Rio Virgin. 450 Tooele 2,177 Total 86,786 

WASHINGTON.— Area, 69,994 square n iles. 

Chehalis... 401 Jefferson .. 1,268 Mason 289 Suwamish . 599 Walla W 'la 5,300 

Clallam 408 King 2,120 Pacific 738 Stevens 734 Whatcom.. 534 

Clarke 3,081 Kitsap 866 Pierce 1,409 Thurston .. 2,246 Yakima... 432 

Cowlitz... 730 Klikkat... 329 Spokane Wahkiak'm 270 TheDis. lis 524 

Island 626 Lewis 888 Skamania 133 Total 23,901 

WYOMING.— Area, 97,883 square miles. 

Albany 2,021 Carbon 1,368 Laramie. .. 2,957 Sweetwater 1,916 Unitah 856 

Total 9,118 



Cities Having over Ten Thousand Inhabitants. 

Census of 1870. 

N. York, N. Y.926,34l Detroit, Mich. . .79,580 Reading, Pa. .. .33,932 Salem, Mass 24,117 

Philad'a,Pa.lst.657,277 Milwaukee, Wis.71,499 Columbus, O . . .33,745 Quincy, 111 24,053 

Philad'a,Pa.2d. 674,022 Albany, N. Y. . .69,422 Paterson, N. J. .33,582 Manchester,N.H23,536 

Brooklyn, N.Y. .396,300 Providence, R. 1.68,906 Dayton, 32,579 Harr.sburg, Pa 23,109 

St. Louis, Mo . .310,864 Rochester, N. Y.62,315 Kansas C'y, Mo. 32,260 Trenton, N. J . .22,874 

Chicago, III 298,983 Allegheny, Pa . .53,181 Mobile, Ala 32,184 Evansville, Ind .22,830 

Baltimore, Md 267,354 Richmond, Va . .51,038 Portland, Me .. .31,414 N.Bedford,Mass21,320 

Boston, Mass . .250,526 N. Haven, Ct.. .50,840 Wilmington,Del.30,841 Oswego, N. Y . .20,910 

Cincinnati, O. .216,239 Charleston, S. C. 48,956 Lawrence, Mass.28,921 Elizabeth, N. J 20,838 

N. Orleans, La. 191,322 Troy, N. Y 45,481 Utica, N.Y... .28,804 Lancaster, Pa . .20,233 

S. Franc'o, Cal.149,482 Syracuse, N. Y .43,058 Toledo, 28,646 Savannah, Ga . .20,233 

Buffalo, N.Y ..117,715 Worcester, Mass.41, 105 Charlesfn, Mass.28,323 P'ghkeepsie.N. Y20.0S0 

Washin'n, D.C. 109,204 Lowell, Mass . . .40,928 Lynn, Mass 28,233 Camden, N. J . .20,045 

Newark, N.J. .105,078 Memphis, Tenn 40,226 Fall River, Mass26,786 Davenport, la . .20,042 

Louisville, Ky .100,754 Cambrid'e.Mass.39,634 Springfield, Mass26,703 St. Paul, Minn .20,031 

Cleveland, O . . .92,846 Hartford, Ct . . 37,180 Nashville, Tenn. 25,872 Erie, Pa 19,646 

Pittsburg, Pa. . 86,235 Indianapolis,Ind.36,565 Peoria, 111 25,787 Wheeling, W.V . 19,282 

Jersey C'y, N.J.. 81,744 Scranton, Pa .. .35,093 Covington, Ky. .24,505 Norfolk, Va 19,256 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 115 

Taunton, Mass .18,629 Auburn, N. Y. .17,225 Elmira, N. Y. . .15,863 Hudson, N. Y . .14,135 

Chelsea, Mass ..18,547 Newburg, NY. .17,014 Lockport, N. Y. 15,458 Newbury't,Massl3.595 

Dubuque, la .18,404 Atlanta, Ga 16,986 Gloucester, Mass.15,387 Bingham'n, NY. 12,862 

LeavenWth,Kanl7,849 Norwich, Ct. .. .16,653 Cohoes, N. Y .. .15,357 Concord, N. H. .12,241 

Ft. Wayne, Ind. 17,718 Sacramento, Cal. 16,484 N.Brunsw'k,Me.l5,059 Schenec'y, N. Y.11,026 

Springfield, 111. .17,365 Omaha, Neb 16,083 N. Albany, Ind .14,273 Ogdensb'g, N.Y.10,076 



Census of the United States— 1870. 


By States, 


Alabama . . 


. 996,961 


Maryland . . 


. 780,894 


Pennsylvania.3,515,993 


Colorado 39,706 


Arkansas. . . 


. 483,179 


Massachusettsl, 457,35 1 


Rhode Island. 217,356 


Dakota 14,181 


California . 


. 660,285 


Michigan 


.1,184,296 


S. Carolina . . 728,000 


Idaho 14,998 


Connecticut 


. 537,418 


Minnesota . . 


. 435,511 


Tennessee . . .1,257,983 


Montana 20,594 


Delaware. . 


. 125,015 


Mississippi. 


. 834,170 


Texas 797,500 


New-Mexico. 91,852 


Florida. .. . 


. 187,756 


Missouri... 


.1,715,000 


Vermont 330.552 


Utah 86,786 


Georgia . . . 


.1,200,609 


Nebraska. . 


. 123,000 


Virginia 1,224,830 


Washington. . 23,901 


Illinois 


.2,539,638 


Nevada .... 


. 42,491 


West-Virginia 445,616 


Wyoming ... 9,118 


Indiana .. . 


.1,673,046 


N.Hampshire 318,300 


Wisconsin... 1,055,167 


Total Territo- 


Iowa 


.1,191,802 


New-Jersey. 


. 905,794 


Tot'l States 38,092,741 


ries 442,500 


Kansas. . . . 


. 362,872 


New York . . 


.4,364,411 


TERRITORIES. 


Total United 


Kentucky . 


.1,321,001 


N. Carolina. 


.1,069,614 


States 38,535,241 


Louisiana .. 


. 732,731 


Ohio 


.2,659,214 


Dis. Columbia 131,700 


..Total 38,977,741 


MamC 


. 626,463 


Oregon 


. 90,922 


Arizona .... 9,658 





Thr taking out of a patent in a foreign country does not 
prejudice a patent previously obtained here, nor does it 
prevent obtaining a patent here subsequently, unless the 
invention shall have been introduced into public use in the 
United Stites for more than two years prior to the applica- 
tion ; and provided, that the patent shall expire at the same 
time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than one, 
at the same time with the one having the shortest term ; 
but in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen 
years. 

When application is made for a patent for an invention 
which has been already patented abroad, the inventor will 
he required to make oath that, according to the best of his 
knowledge and belief, the same has not been in public use 
in the United States for more than two years prior to the 
application in this country. 

An applicant whose invention has been patented abroad, 
should state the fact that a foreign patent has actually been 
obtained, giving its date, and if there be more than one, of 
the one having the shortest term. 



The best engines and boilers develop a horse-power per 
hour by the consumption of two pounds of coal. But this 
is better than the average ; and three pounds of coal per 
horse-power, per hour, is a more common result. 



11 G DRAWINGS FOR THE PATENT-OFFICE. 

DRAWINGS FOR THE PATENT-OFFICE. 

The rules of the Patent-Office in respect to drawings are 
stringent. 

The following rules must be observed : 

The paper must be thin Bristol board or thick drawing- 
paper, with a smooth or calendered surface. The outlines 
must be executed in deep black lines, to give distinctness to 
the print. Pale, ashy tints must be dispensed with. 

In shading, lines of black ink should be used, and such 
lines should be distinct and sharp, and not crowded. Brush 
shadings or shadows will not be permitted. 

All colors, except black, must be avoided in the drawing, 
lettering, and signatures ; violet and purple inks must not 
be used. 

No agent's, attorney's, or other stamp must be placed, in 
whole or in part, within the margin. 



LIQUID GLUES. 

Take of gum shellac three parts, caoutchouc (India rub- 
ber) one part, by weight. Dissolve the caoutchouc and 
shellac, in separate vessels, in ether free from alcohol, ap- 
plying a gentle heat. When thoroughly dissolved, mix the 
two solutions, and keep in a bottle tightly stoppered. 
This glue is called marine glue, and resists the action of 
water both hot and cold, and most of the acids and alkalies. 
Pieces of wood, leather, or other substances, joined together 
by it, will part at any other point than the joint thus made. 
If the glue be thinned by the admixture of ether, and applied 
as a varnish to leather, along the seams where it is sewed 
together, it renders the joint or seam water-tight, and 
almost impossible to separate. 



COPYING-INK 

Take two gallons of rain-water, and put into it \ pound 
of gum arabic, \ pound brown sugar, \ pound clean coppe- 
ras, £ pound powdered nut-galls. Mix and shake occasion- 
ally for ten days, and strain. If needed sooner, let it steep 
in an iron kettle until the strength is obtained. 



INSPECTION OF THE BOTTOMS OF WELLS. 117 

ABOUT CAVEATS. 

The filing of a caveat does not secure an exclusive right 
to make, use, and sell an invention. Such right is secured 
only by those who obtain patents. See page 8. The Pa- 
tent-Office does not examine into the novelty of the inven- 
tion when a caveat is filed. Such examination is only made 
when a patent is applied for. 



INSPECTION OF THE BOTTOMS OF WELLS. 

Sufficient light to enable any one to see the water or 
earth at the bottom of a well can be directed down the 
shaft by means of an ordinary looking-glass. If the well 
be under cover, two glasses will be required, and the inge- 
nious reader will, by a little experimenting, soon be able to 
arrange them in the right positions. 

SCREW-THREADS FOR GAS-PIPES. 

The standard for gas-pipes is as follows : 

Diameter Threads to 

inside. the inch. 

% 27 

U 18 

% 18 

X 14 

% 14 



Diameter Threads to 

inside. the inch. 

1 H^ 

1% 11* 



For all diameters above this, eight threads per inch is the 
standard. * 



It is immeasurably difficult to refute false doctrines, be- 
cause they rest on convictions that error is truth. — Liebig. 

An undergraduate at Cambridge, who found among the 
questions on his examination paper this : " Why will not a 
pin stand upon his point ?" elaborately explained the point 
thus: 1. A pin will not stand on its head, much less is 
it possible that it should stand on its point. 2. A ooint, 
according to Euclid, is that which has no parts and no 
magnitude. A pin can not stand on that which has no 
parts and no magnitude, and therefore a pin can not stand 
on its point. 3. It will if you stick it in. 



118 EARN WHAT YOU SPEND. 



Must I sign the patent papers in the country where my 
residence is, or can I sign them wherever I happen to be 
when I desire to apply for the patent ? 

Answer. You can sign them wherever you happen to be. 
The affidavit may be made before a Justice of the Peace, 
Commissioner of Deeds, Notary Public, or any person au- 
thorized to administer oaths. When the applicant is in a 
foreign country, the oath must be made before a Notary 
Public, or before a United States Consul or Minister. 



A patentee can not recover damages for any use of his 
invention prior to the issue of his patent. All persons 
have a right freely to make, use, and sell any article, process, 
or invention prior to the grant of the patent. Therefore, 
the sooner the patent is applied for the better. 



EARN WHAT YOU SPEND. 

Three fourths of the difficulties and miseries of men come 
from the fact that most want wealth without earning it, 
fame without deserving it, popularity without temperance, 
respect without virtue, and happiness without holiness. 
The man who wants the best things, and is willing to pay 
just what they are worth, by honest effort and hard self- 
denial, will have no difficulty in getting what he wants at 
last. It is the men who wanL goods on credit that are 
snubbed and disappointed, and overwhelmed in the end. 
Happiness can not be bought by the bottle, nor caught up 
by the excursion-train, nor put on with any robe or jewels, 
nor eaten at any feast. It does not exist in any exhilara- 
tion, excitement, or ownership, but comes from the use of 
the faculties of body and mind. 



Underdraining. — Surface water that flows oif the land 
instead of passing through the soil, carries with it whatever 
fertilizing matter it may contain, and abstracts some from 
the earth. If it pass down through the soil to drain, this 
waste is arrested. 



NEW-TOR K AND WASHINGTON. 



119 



NEW-YORK AND WASHINGTON. 



There are perhaps no two cities in this country to which 
inventors aud patentees are more frequently called, in the 
course of business, than New- York and Washington. For 
the convenience of our inventive friends, we subjoin a list 
of the principal objects and places of interest, which they 
should endeavor to see whenever they visit either place. 
Inventors will always be welcome at our offices in New- York 
or Washington ; and we hope they will " walk in " without 
knocking. We shall be happy to give them any informa- 
tion. (See page 13.) 

WASHING-TOST.— PLACES OF INTEREST. 



Arsenal. 
Alexandria, Va. 
Aqueduct. 

Battle-Fields of Bull Run. 
Congressional Cemetery. 
Capitol and Grounds. 
Georgetown Heights. 
General Post-Office. 
Government Insane Asylum. 
Government Green-Houses. 
Jackson's Statue. 
Long Bridge. 
Mount Vernon. 



National Observatory 
Navy Yard. 

Navy Department. 

Potomac Falls. 

Presidential Mansion and Gardens. 

Patent Office. 

Scientific American Office. 

Smithsonian Institute. 

Soldier's Home. 

Treasury Department. 

War Department. 

Washington Monument. 

Washington's Statues. 



NEW-YOEE.-PLACES OF INTEREST. 



Academy of Music. 
Academy of Design. 
Asylum for the Blind. 
Astor Library. 
Atlantic Docks. 
Battery. 
Bible House. 
Blackwell's Island. 
Central Park. 
City Hall. 
Cooper Institute. 
Croton Reservoir. 
Dry Dock. 
Fort Hamilton. 
Fort. Lafayette. 
Governor's Island. 



Greenwood Cemetery. 

High Bridge. 

Hoboken. 

Navy Yard. 

Post-Office. 

Scientific American Office. 

Sub- Treasury. 

South Street. 

Staten Island. 

Tombs. 

Trinity Church. 

United States Custom House. 

Washington Monument. 

Worth Monument. 

Wall Street. 

Washington Market. 



Gor::NnEci*^L.:L index. 




Alcohol, Force of, . 


35 Joint Inventors. 


22 


Amendments, . 


10 


Lapsed Cases, . 


10 


Appeals, 


. 10,24 


License, Form for, . 


33 


Application for Patents, 


5, 9, 77 


Liquid Glue 


116 


Arsenic, .... 


. 34 


Mechanical Movements, . 


85 


Assignments, . 


. 30, 61 


Minerals removed by Crops, 


106 


Assignees, Rights of, 


60 


Models, .... 11, 


22,35 


Austrian Patents, . 


41 


Multum in Parvo, . 


91 


A Word to Inquirers, 


. 104 


New-York Places of Interes , 


119 


Belgian Patents, 


41 


Oath to Patents, 


21 


Bill in Equity, . 


64 


Officials can not hold Paten- ,, 


56 


British Patents, 


41 


Official Rules Patent-Office, . 


20 


Caveats, . . . .8, 


63, 117 


Patent Laws of the United States. 52 


Cement Paint, . 


15 


Patent-Office Rules, 


20 


Census of the United States, 


107 


Patents, How to obtain, . 5 


, 9, 13 


Charcoal, Properties of, . 


82 


Patents, How to sell, 


42 


Chemical Inventions, 


51 


Patents, Value of, . 


4 


Circle, Problems, 


44 


Patents on Small Things, 


45 


Completion of Application, 


CO 


Patented Articles, Stamping, . 


62 


Contested Cases, 


G9 


Patentee, Rights of, 


30 


Copies of Patents, . 


101 


Penalty for Stamping, . 


62 


Copying- Ink, . 


. 116 


Petition for Patent, Form, 


21 


Copy-rights, 


34 


Pleadings in Infringement, . 


71 


Cost of applying for Patents, 
Courts, Powers of, . 


9 


Power of Water, 


49 


62 


Preliminary Examinations, . 


6 


Cuban Patents, 


41 


Purchasers, Rights of, 


61 


Date of Patent, 


24 


Quick Applications, 
Record Evidence, . 


103 


Design Patents, 


13 


69 


Disclaimers, 


29 


Reissues, 


27 


Drawings, 

Earn what you spend, 


22, 116 


Rejected Applications, . 
Relating to Patents, 


10 


118 


105 


Electric Spark, . . - s 


19 


Remittances, .... 


11 


Electric Conductors, 


46 


Rights of Women and Minors, 


14 


Engravings and Advertising,' 


100 


Royalty, 

Rules, Patent-Office, 


44 


Examinations, . 


23 


20 


Examiners-in-Chief, 


74 


Screw-Thread for Gas-Pipes, . 


117 


Extension of Patents, 


29 


Sound, 


106 


Fees, Official, Table of, . 


33 


Specification, The, . 


58 


Foreign Patents, 


40 


Steam-Engine, The, 


37 


Forms of Assignments, . 


31 


Steam, Pressure of, Table, 


98 


French Patents, 


41 


Substitute for Belts and Gears 


98 


General Information, 


7,20 


Substitute for the Crank, 


82 


Geometry, Practical, 


83 


Suits, Law Patents, 


68 


Going to Washington, 


10x 


Tracing-Paper, 
Trade-Marks, .... 


35 


Harness Blacking, . 


14 


15,76 


Heat Conductors, . 


50 


Underdraining, 
Use, prior to Patents, 


118 


Heat, Effects of, Table, . 


81 


57 


Heirs of Inventor, . 


CO 


Value of Brains, 


99 


Hints to Letter- Writers, . 


38 


Value of Patents, . 


4 


Horse-Power, .... 


49 


Vane, a Sparkling, . 
Voice of the People, 


46 


How to invent, 


3 


36 


How to obtain Patents, . 


5,9 


Washington, Places of, . 
Wells, Inspection of, 


119 


How to sell Patents, 


42 


117 


Income from Patents, 


44 


What is it worth ? . 


97 


Infringement, Suits for, . 


68 


Who may obtain Patents, 


20 


Infringements, 


102, 97 


Where Patent Papers signed, 


118 


Interferences 


25 


Will it Pay? .... 
Witnesses' Fees and Rights, . 


97 


Inventor must apply, 


103 


65 



